TYPES OF SPEECHES

GROUP

What is speech?

a spoken expression

of ideas, opinions,
etc., that is made by
someone who is
speaking in front of a
group of people

A. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
Expository/Informativ

e Speech
Persuasive Speech
Entertainment Speech

Expository/
Informative
Speech

The purpose of expository

(informative) speech is to
describe, clarify, explain
and/or define an object,
idea, concept, social
institution or process.
It is the one that informs
the audience

The main types of

informative speeches
include descriptive,
report, explanation, and
instruction.

DESCRIPTIVE SPEECH
In the most general

sense, you are trying to

get the audience to
experience something
through you. There are
2 approaches to do this :
real speech, mood
speech

a. real speech-this is the

description of a real,
tangible, and physical that
is so vivid and precise that
the audience can picture it
in their mind.
b. The mood speech- this is
where you attempt to
convey just how a

REPORT SPEECH
the Report speech is a

vastly different speech

from the mood speech in
that it deals with hard
facts and precise data in
a very analytical way.

EXPLANATION SPEECH
the speech of

Explanation defines a
process. This is NOT a
how to speech; it
explains how and/or why
some process occurs.

INSTRUCTION SPEECH
this is the traditional

How to speech, and

this is where the process
is actually performed, or
we are taught how to do
it.

Persuasive Speech

What is a persuasive speech?

A speech given to an

audience with intention

of influencing your
listeners to agree with a
particular point of view

Reasoned arguments which might consist of facts,

statistics, personal
testimonies, or narratives,
are employed to motivate
audiences to think or behave
differently than before they
heard the speech.

Functions of Persuasive
Speech

Speeches to Convince
attempt to influence or

reinforce particular
beliefs, attitudes, or
values.
the speaker seeks to
establish agreement
about a particular topic.

Speeches to Actuate
attempt to influence or

reinforce actions.
designed to motivate
particular behaviors.

Three types of Persuasive

Speech

Proposition of fact
based on whether or not a

particular topic is true, and

is backed by concrete
evidence
persuades the audience as
to whether something exists
or does not exist, whether it
happen or did not happen

Proposition of value
a speech about whether

or not something is right

or wrong.
Questions the moral or
ethical aspect of an issue

Proposition of policy
a speech given to

convince an audience to
either support or reject a
policy, rule, or candidate

Persuasive Strategies

Ethos - The audiences

perception of a speakers
credibility and moral
character.
Logos - The logical means
of proving an argument.
Pathos - The use of
emotional appeals to

Organizing Persuasive
Messages

Monroes Motivated Sequence An organizational pattern that

attempts to convince the
audience to respond to a need
that is delineated in the speech
through five sequential steps.
Attention step
Need step
Satisfaction step
Visualization step
Action Appeal Step

Direct Method Pattern - A speech

designed to present a claim with
a list of several supporting
pieces of data.
Causal Pattern - A speech
designed to explain a causeeffect relationship between two
phenomena.

Entertainment Speech

The after-dinner speech is

a typical example of an
entertaining speech. The
speaker provides pleasure
and enjoyment that make
the audience laugh or
identify with anecdotal
information.

Some examples of

entertaining speeches:
Excuses for any occasion ,
Explaining cricket to an
American, How to buy a
condom discreetly, Things
you wouldnt know without
the movies

B. ACCORDING TO DELIVERY
Reading from a

manuscript
Memorized Speech
Impromptu Speech
Extemporaneous Speech

Reading from a
manuscript

When giving a

manuscript speech, a
speaker reads from a
prepared document.
The speech is delivered
exactly as it is presented
in the text.

Manuscript speeches are

useful when it is important

for wording to be precise,
such as with legal issues.
Format for a manuscript
;have title page, chapter
title page, printing, and the
final notes.

Advantages
The speaker can perfectly plan

and control the wording of the

speech .
Appropriate when extremely
careful wording is required
Major points are rarely
overlooked, and facts and
figures can be quoted
accurately.

Disadvantages
Speech may sound stilted

because of the use of more

formal written language .
Difficulty in creating a
natural conversation with
the audience by restricting
eye contact with the
audience, speakers
movement, and the
speakers ability to adapt

Memorized Speech

Is a speech that is

recited verbally from

memory rather than
reading from cue cards
or using notes as guide.

Advantages
The speaker is in total

control of the wording

Can use non verbal
language

Disadvantages
Time spent for
memorization
Risk of forgetting
the speech can sound
memorised and lack of
spontaneity, reducing
the speaker's
effectiveness.

since the speech is

totally prepared in
advance and memorised,
the speaker cannot
respond to the
audience/feedback.

Impromptu Speech

An impromptu speech is

given with little or no

preparation, yet almost
always with some
advance knowledge on
the topic.

a speech and debate

individual event that

involves a five- to eightminute speech with a
characteristically short
preparation time of one
to seven minutes.

Advantages
Remember that you are
generally in control of
the content you are
presenting, so you can
include topics that you
want to talk about.

Additionally, you can use

personal examples from

experience to support what
you are saying. Since you
are an authority on the
topic, you want to speak
with conviction like you
really mean it.

Your delivery will naturally be

more conversational and

spontaneous. Since you are
not prepared with pages of
notes, you are more likely to
speak directly to the audience
just like if you were speaking
to another person in a
conversation.

Disadvantage
Since you are not well-

prepared, you may have

difficulty thinking of
what to say or
formulating the ideas
once you get up to
speak. Although you are
familiar with the topic,

Step to give a great impromptu

speech
1 Get used to talking in front of other
people
2 Remember your audience.
3 Try to get the audience involved
4 Try to twist your topic.
5 Incorporate humor.
6 If you're facing a more serious
impromptu
speech, you have to be confident about
yourself.

Extemporaneous Speech

one of the most natural

methods for delivering a

prepared speech. You can use
an extemporaneous speech to
achieve a natural tone, flow
and style with the audience
Used in contests in and
outside the school

a speaker who uses this method

would have note cards or prompts

that guide him from point to point,
but he uses his own words as he
goes along. What makes this
different than an impromptu
speech is that he has a loose
guideline for his speech. He did not
memorize anything; he just used
cues to know where to go next.

C. PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH
WRITING
Choosing the topic
Analyzing the audience
Sourcing the information
Outlining and Organizing

the Speech Contents

Choosing the topic

Your topic and, more

specifically, your core

message must be
selected carefully. If it
isnt, then you wont be
able to effectively
deliver the speech, and
your audience wont be

Ways in choosing a
Speech Topic

1.What is your general purpose?

There are three basic

types of speeches:
Speeches that Inform
Speeches that Persuade
Speeches that Entertain

2.What is your core message?

Your core message is the

central idea of your
presentation. All other
speech elements should
support the core
message.
Clarity
Passion

3.How is this message related to

the audience?
Your audience is not an

innocent bystander who

just happens to be in the
room when you deliver your
presentation. They are an
integral part of the
communication path. Great
delivery by a speaker does
not guarantee a successful

4.What is the scope of your

presentation?

We like to believe that

our entire presentation

will be remembered. The
reality is that the
audience will retain only
one or two points.

Analyzing the Audience

Audience analysis is the

process of examining
information about your
listeners. That analysis
helps you to adapt your
message so that your
listeners will respond as
you wish.

(1) In everyday conversations you

adapt your message to your
audience.
For example, if you went to a party
the night before, you would explain
the party differently to your friends
and family. To your best friend you
might say, "We partied all night and
there were tons of people there." To
your mother you might say, "Oh, I
had fun with my friends." And to
your significant other you might
say, "It was fun, I had a great
bonding time with my friends." In

There are three phases

in audience analysis:
adaptation before,
during, and after the
speech.

Audience Analysis Adapting to your

audience before you
speak. When we analyze
our audience, there are
three ways to do this;
demographic analysis,
attitudinal analysis, and

Sourcing the information

Information is the main

ingredient you need for your

speech writing. Without
information, there can be no
good speech. There are many
sources of information that you
can utilize as you prepare to
write a speech. Let us look at the
following sources of information.

(a) Books - These are among the

most popular sources of
information. Volumes of books
have been written over the
ages, and more are still being
written. Books contain huge
volumes of information that can
be used to strengthen written
speeches. Books contain
information on a diversity of
subjects, ranging from home

(b) Newspapers and magazines-You

can also get a large volume of
information from newspapers and
magazines. Current information on
a subject may be found in current
or recent newspapers and
magazines, but information that is
not quite recent may be obtained is
such publications in the archives.

The main difference between

information sourced from books and

information sourced from newspapers
and magazines is that the former
(that is information sourced from
books) tend to be more detailed,
more professional and more dated
(older) while the latter (information
sourced from newspapers and
magazines) tend to be less detailed,
but more current.

(c) The Internet This is a very

rich and more scientifically

advanced method of obtaining
information. You can get
information on virtually every
subject or issue on the Internet.
Whether it is parenting, reading,
driving, writing speeches, etc, etc,
you can get information on them
on the Internet.

(d) Radio and Television- From

radio and television stations,
you can obtain a large volume of
information to use in your
speech. Such information may
be live or recorded, depending
on what your speech topic
requires.

(e) Interviews-For some

speeches, you may need to
interview people who are
knowledgeable on the topic of
your speech. They could be
older people, more experienced
people, and even younger
people, etc.

In interviewing people,

remember to respect their

rights to privacy. Some may
give you information but ask
you not to disclose that they
gave you the information. You
are to protect them
accordingly.

The interview can take

different forms. Sometimes it is

very casual and informal. At
other times it may be very
formal, and you may need to
use a midget tape recorder. The
consent of the person being
interviewed should be obtained
before you use such a gadget.

(f) ObservationsObservations from things

happening around you may
also provide a good source
of information for writing
your speech.

(g) Discussions- From

discussions with friends,
neighbours, colleagues, fellow
passengers in public transport,
etc, you can get valuable
information which you can
further investigate and use for
your speech. Please, remember
that the people giving you
information may have ulterior
motives. You must first

Discussion can take many

forms. Some are very formal

while others are informal. A
focus group discussion is a
more formal type. A number of
people, usually not exceeding
twelve, are brought together to
discuss an issue, and a note
taker records the various
viewpoints for the purpose of
analysis. For your speech, you

What is the difference

between an interview and a

discussion? you may ask. For
the present purpose, an
interview involves a questionandanswer approach, and
usually one person is
interviewed at a time. For a
discussion, there is a general
topic or issue, and the
discussants, usually more than
one, express their views freely.

(h) Museums Museums are a

rich source of historical
information which you can use
when writing a speech.
Unfortunately, many people
ignore the rich resources that
abound in the museums.

(i) Others- There are several

other ways in which you can get
information for the writing of
your speech. If you need to
write a speech, sit down and
think of all possible sources.
While considering all such
possible sources of information,
also bear in mind the time
available to you, the resources
involved, etc. All these will help

Outlining and
Organizing the
Speech Contents

The basic speech outline template

for structural elementsis:

Introduction
Body
Conclusion

1. Introduction Establish

topic and core message;

list supporting points
2. Body
Supporting Point One
Supporting Point Two
Supporting Point Three

3. Conclusion Recap main

points; summarize core
message; call-to-action
It is surprising how well this
simple 3-part outline template
works for a wide range of
speech topics. Incidentally,
thissame basic formulacan be
seen in novels, short stories,
movies, plays, reports,
business briefings, emails,

D. PRINCIPLES OF
SPEECH
DELIVERY
1.Perception: Stop trying to
be a great public speaker.
2.Perfection: When you
make a mistake, no one
cares but you.

3.Visualization: If you can

see it, you can speak it.
4.Discipline: Practice makes
perfectly good.
5.Description: Make it
personal.
6.Inspiration: Speak to
serve
7.Anticipation: Always leave