Content


Perception

Meaning

Characteristics of perception

Sensation versus Perception

Nature and Importance of Perception

Sub-process of Perception

Perception selectivity and organization

Social Perception

Distortion in Perception

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Attribution

Meaning

Attribution theory
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Distinctiveness
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Consensus

consistency

Attribution error

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PERCEPTION
What you see here?

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What you see here?

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Meaning of Perception

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 Meaning of Perception

“Perception may be define as the process of
selecting, organising, and interpreting or attaching
meaning to events happening in environment.”

People often see the same phenomenon differently
both within organization and outside the
organization.

Situations remaining the same, causes have been
assigned differently by different group of persons.

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 Features of Perception

Perception is the Intellectual Process

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It is the psychological process; and


It is the subjective process

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 Sensation v/s Perception

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Sensation is based on reality, perception is based on
abstract.

Sensation is for understanding situation where as
perception is to understand mind of person.

Sensation remain same at all person, where as
perception differs.

Perception is more complex and much broader than
sensation.

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 Nature & importance of
Perception

Perception is a very complex cognitive process that
yields unique picture of the world.

In the organizational behaviour employee's
perception thought of as a 'filter'. Because
perception is largely learned and no one has the
same learning and experience. So same situation
may produce different reaction and behaviours.

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Sub process of perception

1. Situation

Person

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 Perceptual selectivity


Attention Factors in Selectivity
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Intensity
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Size
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Contrast
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Repetition
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Motion
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Novelty and familiarity

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
Intensity

The intensity principle state that the more intense the
external stimulus, the more likely it is to be perceived.

A loud noise, strong odor, will be noticed more than soft
sound, weak odor.

Size

This principle says that the larger the object, the more
likely it will be perceived.

e.g. Professor or manager


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
Contrast

The contrast principle state that external stimuli that
stand out against the background or that are not what
people are expecting will receive their attention.

e.g. Sign of danger

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
Repetition

Repeated external stimulus is more attention getting than
a single once.

Motion

It refers that people will pay more attention to moving
objects in their field of vision than they will do stationary
objects.

Novelty and familiarity

Novel or Familiar external situation can serve as an
attention getter.

e.g. Job rotation

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 Perceptual organization


Figure ground

Perceived objects stand out as separable from their
general background.

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What is this???

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This is the Perception

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
Perceptual grouping

Tendency to group several stimuli together into a
recognizable pattern.
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Certain formalities in grouping
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Closure
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Continuity
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Proximity

Similarity

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
Perceptual Constancy
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It gives a person a sense of stability in a changing world.

Permits the individual to have some constancy in a
tremendously variable and highly complex world.

The size, shape, color, brightness and location of an
object are fairly constant regardless of the information
received by the sense.

It should be pointed out that perceptual constancy results
from patterns cues.

If constancy were not at work, the world would be very
chaotic and disorganized for the individual.

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
Perceptual Context

It gives meaning and value to simple stimuli, objects,
events, situation, and other persons in the environment.

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 Social Perception


Social perception is directly concerned with how
one individual perceives others individuals: how we
get to know others.

Perceiver's characteristics

Needs and Motives

Self-conception
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Past experience
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Psychological or emotional state

Other personality aspects

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
Perceived Characteristics of stimuli

Size

Intensity

Repetition

Novelty

Status

Appearance

Contrast

Motion

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 Distortion in Perception

Personality

Mental set

Attribution
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First impression
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Halo effect
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Stereotype
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Person perceived
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Situational factor

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Initial perception about this
video.

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 ATTRIBUTION


Introduction

Attribution refers simply to how people explain the
cause of another's or their own behaviour.


It is cognitive process by which people draw conclusion
about the factors that influence or make sense of one
another's behaviour.


Attribution refers that the person tries to explain why
something happened or someone behaved in a particular
way.

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 Cont...

There are two general types of attributions that
people make:-

1) Dispositional attribution
2) Situational attributions

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 Attribution theory

Attribution theory is concerned with the
relationship between personal, social perception
and interpersonal behaviour.


Assumption in attribution theories are:-
1. We seek to make sense of our world.
2. We often attribute people’s actions either to internal
or external causes.
3. We do so in fairly logical ways.

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 Cont...

Basically the theory suggest that when we observe
an individual's behaviour, we attempt to determine
weather it was internally or externally caused.


This determination, however depends on three
factors:
1. Distinctiveness
2. Consensus
3. Consistency

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 What is Internal and External
Cause

Internally caused behaviour are those that are
believed to be under the personal control of
individual.


Externally caused behaviour is seen as resulting
from outside causes; i.e. The person is seen as
having been forced into the behaviour by the
situation.

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Three factors proposed by Harold
kelley

1) Distinctiveness cues

It refers to the extent to which the same person behaves
in the same fashion in different situations.

Distinctive behaviour are those that are relatively unique
to a situation.

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2) Consensus cues

Consensus is the extent to which other people in the
same situation behave in the same fashion as the person
under observation.

A person who acts differently from other people or
behave differently than expected, when the expectation
are based upon expected behaviour of other people, then
this is seen as revealing the person's true motives and this
motives are considered to be internally generated.

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3) Consistency cues

If a pattern of behaviour is consistently similar, so that
the same person behaves in the same fashion at different
time under similar situation, then the cause of such
behaviour can be considered as internally generated.

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Kelley's model of attribution

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 Attribution Errors


Fundamental attribution error


Self-serving bias

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 references
1. Fred Luthans, 9th edition, Organizational Behaviour

2. Stephen P. Robbins, 9th edition, Organizational

Behaviour

3. Nirmal Singh, Organizational Behaviour

(concept, theory and practices)

4. L M Prasad, Organizational Behaviour

5. Jit S. Chand, 3rd edition, Organizational Behaviour

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