Air Conditioning and

Refrigeration
Muhammad Bilal Khan

Course Description
Prerequisite:
ME 221 Thermodynamics II

Credit Hours :
3 (2-1)

Recommended Books:
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Technology, 5th
Edition, by William C. Whitman, William M. Johnson,
John Tomczyk

Continue
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, 3rd Edition, by
A. R. Trott, T. Welch.
Thermal Environmental Engineering, 3rd Edition,
by Thomas H. Kuehn, James W. Ramsey, James L.
Threlkeld.
ASHRAE Handbook, by American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers

Course Outline
o Introduction
o Refrigerants and their properties
o Vapor-compression refrigeration cycle
o System analysis
o Food and transport refrigeration
o Refrigeration compressors
o Expansion valves
o Multi- stage vapor-compression refrigeration
o Absorption refrigeration systems
o Thermoelectric cooling
o Flash cooling, Gas cycle refrigeration
o Steam jet refrigeration
o Ultra-low-temperature refrigeration
o Applications in air conditioning.

Introduction
Refrigeration
is
the
process
of
removing heat, and the practical
application is to produce or maintain
temperatures below the ambient.
Refrigeration is therefore the science
of moving heat from low temperature
to high temperature.

TEMPERATURE, WORK & HEAT

Temperature:
It is an intensive thermodynamic
property , which determine the degree
of hotness or the level of heat intensity
of body. Common scale of measuring is
Celsius or Fahrenheit.
The temperature below which the temperature of
any substance cannot fall is known as absolute
zero temperature. (-273C)

Temperature, Work &

Heat
Work:

Defined as product of force and distance in the direction
of force. Mathematically :
W= F d
S.I unit of work is N-m
In thermodynamic work may be defined as:
The energy transferred (without transfer of mass), across
the boundary of system because of an intensive property
difference other than temperature that exist between the
system and surrounding. (Obert Definition)

Temperature, Work &

Heat
Intensive property difference is
pressure and electrical potentialNote
in : Work
done by the
some case.
system
is
positive
and
Mathematically:
on the system
is negative.
W= PdV

Temperature, Work &

Heat
Heat :
Heat is one of the many forms of energy and
mainly arises from chemical sources.(Represented
by Q & Unit is kJ)
The heat of a body is its thermal or internal
energy, and a change in this energy may show as
a change of temperature or a change between the
solid, liquid and gaseous states.
Enthalpy is the sum of its internal energy and flow
work and is given by:

H= U+ Pv

Temperature, Work &

Heat
If a change of enthalpy can be sensed as a
change of temperature, it is called sensible
heat.
This is expressed as specific heat capacity, i.e.
the change in enthalpy per degree of
temperature change, in kJ/(kg K).
If there is no change of temperature but a change
of state (solid to liquid, liquid to gas, or vice
versa) it is called latent heat. This is expressed
as kJ/kg.

TEMPERATURE, WORK &

HEAT

Modes of heat transfer

Direct
contact of
particles
Solids/liquids
/gases
The handle
of a cooking
utensil

General Gas Laws

Boyles

Law:
pV = constant
Charles Law:
= constant
Daltons Law:
Total pressure of mixture is equal to
some of individual pressure of
substance (Gas)

Laws of Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law:
TA = TB & TB = TC
Than
TA = T C

First Law:
Energy can neither be converted nor be destroyed but
change from one form to another.

Second law:
It is impossible to construct an engine working
in a cyclic process, whose sole purpose is to
convert heat energy from single thermal
reservoir into an equivalent amount of work.

Thermodynamic process
There are two processes
Reversible process
Properties at intermediate stage are in
equilibrium.
Irreversible process
Properties at intermediate stage are
not in equilibrium.

Thermodynamic Processes

Some other processes:

Isothermal process: Temperature is
constant
T=C
Isobaric process: Pressure is
constant, P=C
Isentropic process: Entropy is
constant, s=C
Constant-volume process, v=C

Thermodynamic systems
System:
A thermodynamic system is a collection of matter which has distinct boundaries.

Types of System:
Open system An open system is one in which both mass &
energy transfer takes place across the boundaries.
Example: An open tank of water
Closed system Closed system in which there is no transfer of
mass takes place across the boundaries of system but energy
transfer is possible.
Example: A gas in a balloon
Isolated system An isolated system is that in which there is no
transfer of mass & energy takes place across the boundaries of
system.
Example : A thermo flask containing hot or cold liquid

Properties of system
Two main types of properties are:
Intensive properties
Intensive properties are independent of mass.
For example Melting Point, Boiling Point, Density,
Temperature, Pressure, viscosity. etc

Extensive properties

Properties of a system which are strictly dependent on

there mass or quantity of matter are
known as
extensive properties. If mass is halved the property will
also be half.
For example Volume, Mole, Mass, Enthalpy, Internal
energy, Kinetic energy. etc.

Process-1
Use ideal gas assumption (closed system):

Isothermal process: T=constant

Energy balance U=Q-W, for ideal gas U=H=0

since both are functions of temperature only

2 dV
mRT
Q=W, W= PdV
dV mRT
1 V
V
V2
P1
mRT ln mRT ln

V
1
P2

Isobaric process: P=constant

2

U=Q-W, W= PdV=P dV=P(V2 V1 )

1

Q U P (V2 V1 ) (U 2 U1 ) P (V2 V1 )
(U 2 PV2 ) (U1 PV1 ) H 2 H1 H

Process-2

Constant volume process: V=constant

Q-W=U, W= PdV 0, no work done
Q=U=mu=m c dT
Adiabatic process: Q=0
v

Q-W=U, -W=U
- W=dU (infinitesimal increment of work and energy)
mRT
dU+PdV=0, mc v dT
dV 0
V
cv dT
dV
RT
cv dT
dV

0,

, integrate and assume

R T
V
V
c v =constant

cv T2
ln ln

R T1

2
V
T 2
,

T 1
V1

Rc

V1

V
2

V1

V2

k 1

Process-3
k 1

T2 V1

T1 V2

, from ideal gas relation

V1
PV=RT,
V2
T2 T1

T1 T2

T1 P2
, substitute

T2 P1
k 1

P2

P1
( k 1)

T2 P2

T1 P1

T2
, multiply

T1

, and

P2
V1

P1
V2

k 1

from both sides

k

k cons tan t
Also PV

PV
and
pV
1 1
2 2
k

For an ideal gas undergoing adiabatic process

Process-4
Polytropic Process: its P-V relation can be expressed as
PVn = constant, where n is a constant for a specific process
Isothermal, T=constant, if the gas is an ideal gas then
PV=RT=constant, n=1
Isobaric, P=constant, n=0 (for all substances)
Constant-volume, V=constant, V=constant(P)(1/n), n= (for
all substances)
Adiabatic process, n=k for an ideal gas
n
n
n
PV

PV

PV
1 1
2 2
2

n
n
W PdV ( PV
)
V
dV
1 1
2

n
(
PV
PV
n
n
1 n
1 n
1 1 )
2 2 PV
1 1
( PV
)
V
dV

(
V

V
)

1 1
2
1
1

n
1 n
1

Thanks