Recap

Light is composed of different colors

each with their own?
Energy is quantized, what is the
basic quantity of energy called?
Describe the hydrogen emission
spectrum experiment
In what regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum do we find
the Balmer and Lyman series?

Objectives
Students should be able to:
Describe the atomic orbitals
Describe the shapes of the s and p orbitals
Determine the electronic configuration of
atoms and ions in terms of s, p and d
State the factors which influence the first
ionization energy of elements
Explain how ionization energy data provide
evidence for sub-shells
Derive the electronic configuration of an
element from data on successive ionization
energies

Arrangement of electrons
Electrons are arranged in shells (energy
levels)
These shells are numbered 1, 2, 3,4 etc
These numbers are called Principal
Quantum Numbers and the symbol, n, is
used to denote shells
The energy associated with each shell
increases with increasing quantum number
These numbers correspond to the numbers
of rows in the Periodic Table

Those elements in period 2 have their outermost electrons in the 2 nd shell,

n=2
Those elements in period 5 have their outermost electrons in the 5 th shell,
n=5
And so on and so forth

Diagram showing
the relative
energies of each
shell. The energy
of the shells
increase with
increasing
quantum number

How many electrons can a shell

hold?
Quantum Number, n

Maximum number of
electrons

18

32

Subshells
Each shell consists of a set of
subshells
There are 4 different types of
subshells Number
labeled s,Type
p, dofand Name
f
Principal
Quantum
Number
1
2
3
4

of
Subshells
1
2
3
4

Subshells given to
subshells
s
1s
s and p
2s, 2p
s, p and d 3s, 3p, 3d
s, p, d,
4s, 4p, 4d,
and f
4f

Subshells
The energy associated with each
subshell increases from s to f
f
Energy
d
p
s

Putting together the information we

have so far

Orbitals
Each subshell contains orbitals
These orbitals have different energy values
An orbital represents a region of space
around the nucleus of an atom, within which
there is a high chance (95%) of finding an
electron (electrons are not static)
Pauli Exclusion Principle states that
an orbital may hold 1 or 2 electrons but
not more

Subshe Number
ll
of
Orbitals

Representatio Max
n of orbitals
Electrons
per
subshell

10

14

How can 2 negatively charged

electrons occupy
the same orbital? Wouldnt they repel
each
other?

Spin Pairing reduces the effect of

repulsion
Each electron has a property called
spin
Electrons can exist in an orbital if
they have opposite spins
Representation of electron
spin
Clockwise direction =
Anticlockwise direction =

The whole picture

Recall:
Shell 1 = 2 electrons
Shell 2 = 8 electrons
Shell 3 = 18
electrons
Shell 4 = 32
electrons

Shapes of Atomic Orbitals

For this module, you need only know
the shapes
Of the s and p orbitals.
The s orbital is spherical and 2
electrons are
found within it.

 The p orbitals are dumb bell shaped.

There are 3 of them
They lie on the x, y and z axes

Electronic Configuration
This shows how the electrons are arranged
around the nucleus. Recall from CSEC the
following electronic configurations:
He = 2
O = 2.6
Na = 2.8.1

Well the advanced level version is a wittle

bit different

Order of filling shells and

orbitals

The lowest quantum number is filled first

i.e n=1
The lowest energy subshell is filled first
i.e the s subshell in n =1(Aufbau
Principle)
Orbitals are filled singly before pairing
electrons (Hunds Rule)
General order of filling
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p
N.B The 4s orbital is filled before the 3d
orbital except for Chromium and Copper

Representation of electronic
configurations
Lets look at Sodium
Number of electrons in sodium = 11

1s

2s

2p

3s

1s2
2s2
2p6
3s1
CSEC configuration = 2.8.1.comparison?

Write the electronic configuration in

terms of s, p and d orbitals
2He
8O
9F

Cl
17

12Mg

2+

One last thing on E.C

For the set of elements 19 (potassium)
to 36
(krypton), it is more convenient to
represent
part of the configuration as a noblegas core
Example
Argon 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Potassium - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Shortened E.C for K [Ar] 4s1