Per-Unit System

EE341 – Energy Conversion

Ali Keyhani
Transformer
Lecture #3
1
Per-Unit System
In the per-unit system, the voltages, currents,
powers, impedances, and other electrical
quantities are expressed on a per-unit basis by
the equation:

Actual value
Quantity per unit =
Base value of quantity

It is customary to select two base quantities to

define a given per-unit system. The ones usually
selected are voltage and power.
2
Per-Unit System
Assume:

Vb  Vrated
Sb  S rated
Then compute base values for currents and
impedances:
Sb Vb V 2
Ib  Zb   b
Vb Ib Sb
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Per-Unit System
And the per-unit system is:
Vactual I actual
V p.u .  I p.u . 
Vb Ib
S actual Z actual
S p.u .  Z p.u . 
Sb Zb

Z %  Z p.u . 100% Percent of base Z

4
Example 1
An electrical lamp is rated 120 volts, 500 watts.
Compute the per-unit and percent impedance of
the lamp. Give the p.u. equivalent circuit.

Solution:
(1) Compute lamp resistance
2 2
V V
(120) 2
P R   28.8
R P 500

power factor = 1.0 Z  28.80

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Example 1
(2) Select base quantities
Sb  500VA
Vb  120V

(3) Compute base impedance

Vb2 (120) 2
Zb    28.8
Sb 500
(4) The per-unit impedance is:
Z 28.80
Z p.u .    10 p.u.
Zb 28.8 6
Example 1
(5) Percent impedance:
Z %  100%
(6) Per-unit equivalent circuit:

VS  10 p.u. Z  10 p.u.

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Example 2
An electrical lamp is rated 120 volts, 500 watts. If
the voltage applied across the lamp is twice the
rated value, compute the current that flows
through the lamp. Use the per-unit method.

Solution:
Vb  120V
V 240
V p.u .    20 p.u.
Vb 120
Z p.u .  10 p.u.
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Example 2
The per-unit equivalent circuit is as follows:

VS  20 p.u. Z  10 p.u.

V p.u . 20
I p.u .    20 p.u.
Z p.u . 10
Sb 500
Ib    4.167 A
Vb 120
I actual  I p.u . I b  20  4.167  8.3340 A 9
Per-unit System for 1-  Circuits
One-phase circuits
Sb  S1  V I
where
V  Vline to  neutral
I  I line current
VbLV  VLV VbHV  VHV
Sb Sb
I bLV  I bHV 
VbLV VbHV 10
Per-unit System for 1-  Circuits
VbLV (VbLV ) 2 VbHV (VbHV ) 2
Z bLV   Z bHV  
I bLV Sb I bHV Sb

S
S pu   V pu I pu
*

Sb
P
Ppu   V pu I pu cos
Sb
Q
Q pu   V pu I pu sin 
Sb 11
Transformation Between Bases
Selection 1
Sb1  S A Vb1  VA
Then
Vb21 ZL
Z b1  Z pu1 
Sb1 Z b1
Selection 2
Sb 2  S B Vb 2  VB
Then 2
V ZL
Zb2  b2
Z pu 2 
Sb 2 Zb2
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Transformation Between Bases
Z pu 2 Z L Z b1 Z b1 Vb21 Sb 2
     2
Z pu1 Z b 2 Z L Z b 2 Sb1 Vb 2
2
 Vb1   Sb 2 
Z pu 2  Z pu1     
 Vb 2   Sb1 
“1” – old
“2” - new
2
 Vb ,old   S b ,new 
Z pu ,new  Z pu ,old   
 S


V
 b ,new   b ,old 
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Transformation Between Bases
Generally per-unit values given to another base
can be converted to new base by by the
equations:
Sbase1
( P, Q, S ) pu _ on _ base _ 2  ( P, Q, S ) pu _ on _ base _1
Sbase 2
Vbase1
V pu _ on _ base _ 2  V pu _ on _ base _1
Vbase 2
(Vbase1 ) 2 Sbase2
( R, X , Z ) pu _ on _ base _ 2  ( R, X , Z ) pu _ on _ base _1
(Vbase2 ) 2 Sbase1

When performing calculations in a power system, every

per-unit value must be converted to the same base.
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Per-unit System for 1- Transformer
Consider the equivalent circuit of transformer
referred to LV side and HV side shown below:
RS XS
RS  jX S 2
j 2
a a

VLV VHV VLV VHV

N1 N2 VLV N1
Define a  1
S VHV N 2

(1) Referred to LV side (2) Referred to HV side

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Per-unit System for 1- Transformer
Choose:
Vb1  VLV ,rated Normal choose rated
values as base values
S b  S rated
Compute: VHV 1
Vb 2  Vb1  Vb1
VLV a
Vb21 Vb22
Z b1  Zb2 
Sb Sb
Z b1 Vb21 Vb21
 2   a2
Z b 2 Vb 2 ( 1 V ) 2 16
b1
a
Per-unit System for 1- Transformer
Per-unit impedances are:
RS  jX S
Z p.u .1 
Z b1
RS jX S RS jX S
 2  2
a 2
a a 2
a RS  jX S
Z p.u .2   
Zb2 Z b1 Z b1
a2
Per-unit equivalent
So:
Z p.u .1  Z p.u .2 circuits of transformer
referred to LV side and
HV side are identical !!
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Per-unit Eq. Ckt for 1- Transformer
RS  jX S S
VLV N
a  1 1
Z b1 VHV N 2
N1 N2

Vb1 VLV VHV Vb 2

Fig 1. Eq Ckt referred to LV side
Z S , pu
Z S , pu
Vb1 Vb 2
Vb1 Vb 2

1:1 Sb
Fig 2. Per-unit Eq Ckt referred to LV side Fig 3. 18
Per-unit Eq. Ckt for 1- Transformer
RS XS
j 2
S a 2
a
VLV N
a  1 1
Zb2 VHV N 2
N1 N2
Vb1 VLV VHV Vb 2
Fig 4. Eq Ckt referred to HV side
Z S , pu
Z S , pu
Vb1 Vb 2
Vb1 Vb 2

1:1 Sb
Fig 5. Per-unit Eq Ckt referred to HV side Fig 6. 19
Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation is defined as:
Vnoload  V full load
VR   100%
V full load

In per-unit system:
V pu ,noload  V pu , full load
VR  100%
V pu , full load
Vfull-load: Desired load voltage at full load. It may be equal to,
above, or below rated voltage
Vno-load: The no load voltage when the primary voltage is
the desired voltage in order the secondary voltage
be at its desired value at full load 20
Voltage Regulation Example
A single-phase transformer rated 200-kVA, 200/400-V,
and 10% short circuit reactance. Compute the VR when
the transformer is fully loaded at unity PF and rated
voltage 400-V.

Solution:
VP j 0.1 VS
Vb 2  400V
S b  200kVA XS
Sload
S load , pu  10 pu
X S , pu  j 0.1 pu
Fig 7. Per-unit equivalent circuit
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Voltage Regulation Example
Rated voltage:

VS , pu  1.00 pu
*
 Sload , pu   1.00 *
I load , pu      1.00 pu
 V   1.00 
 S , pu 
VP , pu  VS , pu  I pu X S , pu
 1.00  1.00  j 0.1  1  j 0.1
 1.0015.7 o pu

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Voltage Regulation Example
Secondary side:

V pu , full load  VS , pu  1.00 pu

V pu ,noload  VP , pu  1.0015.7 o pu

Voltage regulation:

V pu ,noload  V pu , full load

VR   100%
V pu , full load
1.001  1.0
 100%  0.1%
1.0
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Problem 1
j100

20 kV 22kV/220kV 220kV/20kV 50MVA

80MVA 50MVA 0.8 PF
14% 10% lagging

Select Vbase in generator circuit and Sb=100MVA,

compute p.u. equivalent circuit.

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Per-unit System for 3- Circuits
Three-phase circuits
Sb  S 3  3S1  3V I
where
V  Vline to  neutral  VL (line ) / 3
I  I line current  I L
Sb  3VL I L
VbLV  VL , LV VbHV  VL , HV
Sb  3VbLV I bLV  3VbHV I bHV 25
Per-unit System for 3- Circuits
Sb Sb
I bLV  I bHV 
3VbLV 3VbHV
VLV VbLV 3VbLV (VbLV ) 2
Z bLV   
ILV 3 Sb Sb
(VbHV ) 2
Z bHV 
Sb
S3 3VL I L*
S pu    V pu I *pu
Sb 3Vb I b
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Per-unit System for 3- Transformer
Three 25-kVA, 34500/277-V transformers
connected in -Y. Short-circuit test on high
voltage side:
VLine , SC  2010V
I Line , SC  1.26 A

P3 , SC  912W

Determine the per-unit equivalent circuit of the

transformer.
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Per-unit System for 3- Transformer
(a) Using Y-equivalent
RS  jX S
I SC  1.26
2010
VSC  Sb  25000VA
3
34500
277
3
2010
VSC   1160 .47V
3
1160 .47
Z SC   921.00
1.26
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Per-unit System for 3- Transformer
912 P 304
P   304W RS  2
 2
 191.48
3 I SC 1.26

2
XS  Z SC  RS2  9212  191.482  900.86

So Z SC  191.48  j 900.86
34500
Sb  25000VA Vb , HV   19918.58V
3
19918.582
Z b ,HV   15869.99
25000
191.48  j 900.86
Z SC , pu ,Y   0.012  j 0.0568 pu
15869.99
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Per-unit System for 3- Transformer
(b) Using -equivalent
1.26
I SC 
3 Z SC ,

VSC  2010 Sb  25000VA

34500 277

1.26
VSC  2010V I SC   0.727 A
3
2010
Z SC ,   2764.79
0.727
30
Per-unit System for 3- Transformer
912 P 304
P   304W RS ,  2
 2
 575.18
3 I SC 0.727
2
X S ,  Z SC ,  RS2,  2764.792  575.182  2704.30

So Z SC  191.48  j 900.86
Sb  25000VA Vb , HV  34500V

345002
Z b ,HV   47610
25000
575.18  j1704.30
Z SC , pu ,   0.012  j 0.0568 pu
47610
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Related Materials in Textbook
(1) Section 2.6 and 2.7, page 83~90, Chapman
book
(2) Section 2.10, page 113~116, Chapman book

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