Chapter1

4
Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation

Definition: It may be considered

to be energy streaming
through space at the speed of
light, may originate in various
ways.

Some types of materials will emit

radiation when they are treated by
external
agencies.
All substances at temperatures
above absolute zero emit
radiation that is
independent
of external agencies.

Radiation that is the result of

temperature
only is called
thermal radiation.

Fundamental facts
concerning radiation
Radiation moves through space
in straight lines, or beams, and
only substances in sight of a
radiating body can intercept
radiation from that body.

Radiation as such is not heat,

and
when transformed into heat on
absorption, it is no longer
radiation.

 Some definitions:
The fraction that is absorbed is called
absorptivity .
The

fraction that is transmitted is

called
transmissivity .

The

fraction of the radiation falling on

a body that is reflected is called
reflectivity .

 The sum of these fractions

must be unity, or

+ + =1

(14-1)

The maximum possible

absorptivity is unity. A body
which absorbs all incident
radiation is called a
black
body.
The maximum possible reflectivity
is unity. A body which reflects all
incident radiation is called a
white body.

Emission of radiation

The radiation emitted by any given

mass of substance is independent
of other material in sight of , or in
contact with the mass.

The net energy gained or lost by a

body is the difference between the
energy
emitted by the body and
that absorbed by it from the
radiation reaching it from other
bodies.

When bodies at different

temperatures are placed in sight of
one another
inside an
enclosure, the hotter bodies loss
energy by emission of radiation
faster than they receive energy by
absorption of radiation from the
cooler bodies, and temperatures
of hotter
bodies decrease.

Wavelength of
radiation
Known electromagnetic radiations
cover an enormous range of
wavelengths, from the short
cosmic rays to long wave
broadcasting wave.

Although radiation of any wavelength

is, in principle, convertible into heat
on
absorption by matter, the
portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum that is of
importance in
heat flow lies in the
wavelength
range between 0.5 and
50m.

Visible light covers a wavelength range of

about 0.38 to 0.78 m
At temperature above about 5000C heat
radiation in the visible spectrum become
significant.
The higher the temperature of the
radiating
body, the shorter the
predominant wavelength of the thermal
radiation emitted by it.

Emissive power

The monochromatic energy

emitted by a radiating surface
depends on the
temperature
of the surface and on the
wavelength of the radiation.

At constant surface temperature,

a
curve can be plotted showing
the rate of energy emission as a
function of the wavelength.

The monochromatic radiation

emitted in this manner from unit
area in unit time,
divided by the
wavelength, is called the
monochromatic radiating power W.

For the entire spectrum of the

radiation from a surface, the
total radiating power W is the
sum of all the monochromatic
radiations from the surface,
or ,
mathematically,

W W d
0

(14-2)

Blackbody radiation
A blackbody has the maximum
attainable emissive power at
any given temperature. The ratio
of the total emissive power W of
a body to that of a blackbody Wb
is by
definition the emissivity
W
of the body,
thus

Wb

Emissivities of solids
Emissivity usually increases with
temperature.
Emissivities of polished metals are
low, in the range 0.03 to 0.08.
Emissivities of most oxidized metals
range from 0.6 to 0.85, those of
nonmetals from 0.65 to 0.95.

Practical source of blackbody

radiation
No actual substance is a
blackbody,
although some
materials, such as
certain
grades of carbon black, do
approach blackness.

Laws of blackbody radiation

A basic relationship for blackbody
radiation is the Stefan-Boltzmann
law, which states that the total
emissive
power of a blackbody is
proportional to the fourth power of
the absolute
temperature, or
Wb=T4
(14-3)
Where is a universal constant

The distribution of energy in the

spectrum of a blackbody is known
accurately. It is given by Plancks
law
C15
W b , C 2 / T
e
1

(14-7)
Where C1 and C2 are constant.

Plancks law can be shown to be consistent

with the Stefan-Boltzmann law by
substituting Wb, from Eq(14-7) into
Eq(14-2) and integrating.

Absorption of radiation by
opaque solids
Kirchhoffs law
at temperature equilibrium, the ratio
of
the total radiating power of any
body to the absorptivity of that body
depends
only upon the temperature
of the body.

Thus, consider any two bodies

in
temperature
equilibrium with common
surroundings. Kirchhoffs law
states that

W1 W2

1 2

If the first body is blackbody,

1=1,
and
Thus

W2
W1 Wb
2

W2

Wb

By definition, the emissivity of

the second body 2 is

W2
2
2
Wb

 Thus, when any body is at temperature

equilibrium with its surroundings, its
emissivity and absorptivity are
equal.
Kirchholff law applies
whether or not the two surfaces are at
same temperature.

Radiation between
surfaces
The total radiation from a unit
area of an opaque body of area
A1, emissivity 1, and absolute
temperature T1 is

q
4
1T1
A1

(14-14)

 Qualitatively, the interception of

radiation
from an area element
of a surface by
another surface
of finite size can be
visualized
in terms of the angle of vision.

The equation for two bodies radiating

each other can be written in the form

q12 AF T T
4
1

4
2

(14-25)

The factor F is called the view factor

or
angle factor; it depends upon
the
geometry of the two surface

If surface A1 is chosen for A, Eq(1425) can be written

q12 A1 F12 T T
4
1

4
2

(14-26)

If surface A2 is chosen
q12 A2 F21 T T
4
1

4
2

(14-27)

In general, for gray surfaces, Eq(1426) and Eq(14-27) can be written

q12 A1 F12 T14 T24 A2 F21 T14 T24

F12 and F21 are the overall interchange
factor and are functions of 1 and 2.

 Two large parallel planes

1
F12
1
1

1
1 2

(14-39)

One gray surface completely

surrounded by another
F12

1
A1 1
1

( 1)
1 A2 2

(14-40)

Combined heat transfer by conductionconvection and radiation

The total heat transfer from hot bodies to its

surroundings is as follows

qc qr
qT / A

hc (Tw T ) w (Tw4 T 4 )
A A

Or

qT / A (hc hr )(Tw T )

 Where hr is a radiation heat transfer

coefficient,
Defined by

qr
hr
A(Tw T )