Viscous Flow in Multiple Pipes

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES
[ introduction ]
It is easy for us to imagine that few pipe systems are as simple as a

single pipe connecting two points
From water distribution networks to the veins and arteries in our bodies, pipe
networks can evolve into complex architectures
In the simplest analysis of pipe networks, we first typically assess if

pipes are connected in parallel or in series
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

[ introduction ]
parallel multiple pipe connection
series multiple pipe connection
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

[ introduction ]
As we have discussed before, an interesting analogy exists between fluid and

electrical circuits
We see in Ohms law, that voltage, e, is a product of the electric current,

i, and the conducting resistance, R
- [1]
In a fluid circuit there exists a balance between the pressure drop, p,

the flow or velocity, Q or V, and the resistance given in terms of the
friction factor and minor losses, f and KL
- [2]
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

[ introduction ]
or
- [3]
where R is a measure of resistance to the flow, (proportional to f)
Where the electrical analogy starts to break down is when we consider that
Ohms law is linear, and the fluid equations are generally non-linear, (that
is, doubling the pressure drop does not double the flow rate unless we
have laminar flow) so we appreciate that the analogy is a loose one
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

[ introduction ]
Referring back to the first of our two basic multipipe architectures:

parallel multiple pipe connection
In parallel multipipe connections, the fluid travelling from A to B may take

any path to get there, flows are additive in these networks, and the
headloss experienced by a fluid particle taking any path from A to B is the
same i.e.:
- [4]
- [5]
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

[ introduction ]
This situation is different for series connections
series multiple pipe connection
In series multipipe connections, the fluid travelling from A to B may take

travels through the same pipes, thus the flow (not necessarily the velocity)
is the same in each, and the headloss experienced is summed through
each pipe i.e.:
- [6]
- [7]
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

[ introduction ]
A third architecture exists, the pipe loop
multiple pipe loop
In the loop Q1=Q2+Q3 and hL2=hL3
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

[ the three reservoir problem: an example ]
Often for pipe networks that appear simple, they are not always that
straight forward or intuitive to assess
For example, in the figure below, it is obvious that water must flow from
A to B and C, but how will the flow behave between B and C (this will
be dependent on the elevations of B and C as well as pipe roughness,
length, and diameter)
three reservoir system
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

GIVEN:
f = 0.02, for all pipes
assume no minor losses
REQD: Determine the flowrate into or out of each reservoir
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

SOLU:
f=0.02, for all pipes
1. We start by attempting to assign flow directions and then writing the

energy equation between A, B, and C
when we look at pipe (2) we can not be sure of its flow direction, so we
assume it flows from the reservoir, then we can say that (from continuity):
- [E1]
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

SOLU:
2. Write the energy equation from A to C (pipes (1) and (3))

- [E2]
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

SOLU:
simplifying, we can write
- [E3]
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

SOLU:
plugging in some numbers we then arrive at
- [E4]
- [E5]
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

SOLU:
3. Now lets write it from B to C (pipes (2) and (3))

- [E6]
- [E7]
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

SOLU:
plugging in some numbers we then arrive at
- [E8]
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

SOLU:
4. Attempt to solve [E8], [E5], and [E1] simultaneously

- [E8]
- [E5]
we discover that these two equations

yield no positive, real velocities
we therefore conclude that we
assumed the wrong flow direction for pipe
(2)
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

SOLU:
5. Now, let us change the assumed direction of flow in (2), we now say
- [E9]
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

SOLU:
6. We write the energy equation between A and B, and A and C

- [E10]
- [E11]
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

SOLU:
these reduce to
- [E12]
- [E13]
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

SOLU:
we subtract [E12] from [E13] we acquire
- [E14]
so we can rewrite [E12] as
- [E15]
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

SOLU:
solving for V2 we acquire suitable roots:
which yields the following flow distribution and direction
- [ans]
87-351 Fluid
Mechanics

Viscous Flow in Multiple Pipes

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VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

It is easy for us to imagine that few pipe systems are as simple as a

In the simplest analysis of pipe networks, we first typically assess if

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

parallel multiple pipe connection

series multiple pipe connection

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

As we have discussed before, an interesting analogy exists between fluid and

We see in Ohms law, that voltage, e, is a product of the electric current,

In a fluid circuit there exists a balance between the pressure drop, p,

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

where R is a measure of resistance to the flow, (proportional to f)

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

Referring back to the first of our two basic multipipe architectures:

In parallel multipipe connections, the fluid travelling from A to B may take

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

This situation is different for series connections

series multiple pipe connection

In series multipipe connections, the fluid travelling from A to B may take

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

A third architecture exists, the pipe loop

multiple pipe loop

In the loop Q1=Q2+Q3 and hL2=hL3

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

three reservoir system

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

REQD: Determine the flowrate into or out of each reservoir

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

1. We start by attempting to assign flow directions and then writing the

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

2. Write the energy equation from A to C (pipes (1) and (3))

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

simplifying, we can write

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

plugging in some numbers we then arrive at

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

3. Now lets write it from B to C (pipes (2) and (3))

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

plugging in some numbers we then arrive at

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

4. Attempt to solve [E8], [E5], and [E1] simultaneously

we discover that these two equations

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

6. We write the energy equation between A and B, and A and C

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

we subtract [E12] from [E13] we acquire

VISCOUS FLOW IN CONDUITS: MULTIPLE PIPES

solving for V2 we acquire suitable roots:

which yields the following flow distribution and direction

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