EFFECT OF CHOCOLATE

CONSUMPTION FOR SKIN

PROTECTION FROM UV RADIATION

Hendra Hermadin Rasad

1102012112

ABSTRACT
UV Radiation (UVR) exposure is actually needed by our body to
conserve vitamin D. but excessive exposure of UVR can trigger
acute or even chronic skin disease. Cocoa beans have been
known has a lot of flavonols that can be used as photoprotective
agent for the skin. But the fermentation process of cocoa beans
to make chocolate reduce the amount of flavonols. Therefore we
need to know factors that can affect the mechanism of action
flavonols in chocolate to our body as photoprotective agent and
develop a better process to make high flavonols chocolate.
Keywords: UV Radiation, skin, chocolate, cocoa beans, flavonol,
photoprotective, fermentation

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1. Background
Indonesia within area of high
exposure of UVR
UVR affect skin disease
Cacao beans chemicals have
been known as antioxidant and
photoprotective agent
Chocolate making process
reduces active agent
Erythemal UV Index (2006)
(Source: http://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia
/images/2006/06/uv_radiation_forecasts/10116793-2-eng-GB/
UV_radiation_forecasts.gif)

Indonesia is the third biggest

source of cocoa in the world

2. Problems
a.What is the effect of UVR to the skin?
b.What is the chemical active agents of cocoa
beans that can be used as photoprotective agents
to the skin?
c.How is the mechanism of photoprotective
agents?
d.What is the process of chocolate making that
can reduce the photoprotective agents?

3. Aims
a. Increases the urge of industry to develop
chocolate making process that can conserve
more photoprotective agents
b. Increases the urge of society to consume
chocolate than contains more photoprotective
agents
c. Increases the quality of skin health in Indonesia

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Skin

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
Ligament
(Moore, 2013)
Source: http://m.cancer.gov/images/cdr/live/CDR579036-750.jpg

1. Skin
Skin function:
1.Protection
2.Thermoregulator
3.Sensation
4.Vitamin D synthesis
(Moore, 2013)

(Source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gcWKUOCjjy8/
TejryxrwR2I/AAAAAAAAAKQ/v059hLXB-MA/s1600/sunscreen.jpg)

2. UV Radiation
Ultraviolet is a electromagnetic light
spectrum of sunlight that reach on earth.
UV raditation have shorter
electromagnetic wave than visible light
UVA
400-320 nm
UVB
320-290 nm
UVC
290-200 nm
(WHO, 2006)
(Source:

http://www.skincancer.org/media/legacy/stories/UVA_UVB
/ visiblelightuvdiagram.jpg)

2. UV Radiation
Factors that affect UVR to reach the earth:
1.Ozone concentration
2.Sunlight latitude (equator have more
radiation)
3.Altitude of earth surface
4.Seasons, weather and other organic
compunds.
(WHO, 2006)

3. UVR and Skin

(Source: http://www.who.int/entity/uv/health/en/uvexposure.jpg)

(WHO, 2006)

(Source: http://www.skincancer.org/media/legacy/stories/UVA_UVB/uvradiation3.jpg)

(Epstein et al, 2014)

3.1 Erythema by UVR

Erythema: Redness of skin
UVR expecially with wavelength 315 nm
can induced erythema
Erythema caused by dilatation of
superficial vascular and subpapillary
venule
Quantitative measurement: Minimum
Erythema Dose (MED) Test
(Diffey, 1980)

3.2 Melanine Pigmentation

UVB exposure highly induced
melanogenesis
Melanine created for skin protection from
UVR itself
(Diffey, 1980)

(Source:
http://www.healthcentral.com/common/images/9/
9620_13037_5.jpg)

3.3 Vitamin D Production

Skin absorbs UVR to make Vitamin D
Precursor.
(Diffey, 1980)

(Source: http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/BCH4053/Lecture33/vitd_01.jpg)

3.4 Skin Cancer

Prolonged exposure of UVR can induce
degenerative cell in skin, fibrose and
vascular change that can make premature
skin (fotodermatose and ceratose actinic).
Further change can induce skin cancer.
(WHO, 2014)

4. Minimum Erythema Dose

(MED) Test
First test to check photosensitivity patient
and determine minimum dose of UV light to
induce erythema
Test on: ventral, dorsal and medial of forearm
Variability: 20%
Interpretation after: 22-26 hours after high
radiation and devided to 5 classes
(European Dermatology Forum, 2008).

5. Theobroma cacao L.
Kingdom
Division
Sub Division
Class
Ordo
Genus
Species

: Plantae
: Spermatophyta
: Angiospermae
: Dicotyledoneae
: Sterculiaceae
: Theobroma
: Theobroma cacao L.

(Situmorang, 2010)
(Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Matadecacao.jpg/200px-Matadecacao.jpg)

5.1 Cocoa Beans Composition

Component

Percentage (Not
Fermented)

Percentage
(Fermented)

Seed Coat

9,63

9,63

Sprout

0,77

0,77

Lipid

53,05

54,7

Water

3,65

2,1

N Total

2,28

2,2

N Protein

1,50

1,3

N Amonia

0,028

N Amida

0,188

Theobromine

1,71

Seed Pieces

Nitrogen

1,4

(Situmorang, 2010).

5.1 Cocoa Beans Composition

Component

Percentage (Not
Fermented)

Percentage
(Fermented)

Cafein

0,085

0,07

Glucose

0,30

0,1

Starch

6,10

6,1

Pectin

2,25

4,1

Fiber

2,09

2,1

Selulose

1,92

1,9

Pentose

1,27

1,2

Gum

0,38

1,8

Tanin

7,54

6,2

Acetic

0,014

0,1

Oxalic

0,29

0,3

Carbohydrate

Organic Acid

(Situmorang, 2010).

5.2 Cocoa Beans Manufacturing

Sortation

Fermentation
(5 days)

Heating (105-120o
C, 20-35 mins)

Size Reducing
(< 20 m)

Nib

Pasta Alteration

Powderized

Unsweetened
baking
chocolate

Decoating

SOLD
(Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, 2008)

5.2 Cocoa Beans Manufacturing

Fermentation is the key process to make the
special taste of chocolate
Fermentation used to make decoating easier
Polyphenols oxidized during this process by
polyphenol oxidase. Produce quinon,
diquinon, and anthocyanin
Brown color in chocolate produced in this
reaction
(Paembong, 2012).

6. Antioxidant
Antioxidant is a substance that can
neutralize free radical.
Free radical: atom or functional group that
has unpaired electron that so reactive and
affect another substances
Antioxidant sacrifice it self to stop the
propagation of free radicals
(Hartanto, 2012)

6. Antioxidant
Primary antioxidant: stop the propagation by
give proton or electron. Ex: tokoferol,
flavonoid, ascorbic acid
Secondary antioxidant: chelating agent for
non radical molecule, UV radiation and
inactivation of single oxygen
Tertiary antioxidant: fix the damaged cell from
free radicals. Ex: DNA Repair and Metionin
Sulfoxide Reduktase (Hartanto, 2012)

6.1 Antioxidant in Cocoa Beans

Cocoa beans has polyphenols that can be
used as antioxidant
Flavonols and procyanidins has been
identified as active antioxidant in cocoa
beans and dark cocoa.
Epicathecin, cathecin and gallocathecin also
has strong antioxidant activity in cocoa beans
(Paembong, 2012).

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY
Literature Review: Book, journals,
congress
Updated research

CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS
Skin is important to protect our body from
foreign substances, thermoregulator, and
make vitamin D.
Excessive UVR can give acute to chronic
disease to our skin
We need to protect our skin form excessive
UVR: internal and external
Easy: External Protect > Internal Protect
Time: External Protect < Internal Protect

ANALYSIS
Chocolate with high flavonols give a
significant protection to skin than
conventional chocolate (Williams, 2009)
MED test after 12 weeks
Hyphotesis: Protection mechanism of
flavonols in skin primary and secondary

ANALYSIS
Fermentation process reduce flavonols in
conventional chocolate
We need to develop new technique to
make decoating easier without
fermentation to produce high flavonols
chocolate

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND
SUGGESTION

CONCLUSION
UVR is needed by our body to make vitamin
D but excessive exposure can make
erythema, pigmentation and skin cancer
Chemical substances of cocoa beans that
can be photoprotective agent is flavonols
Flavonols protect the skin by primary and
secondary antioxidant mechanism
Fermentation process reduce flavonols in
chocolate

SUGGESTION
Further research is needed to know the
factors that can affect photoprotective
action of flavonols in chocolate
Further development is needed to make
chocolate without fermentation to make
high flavonols chocolate

REFERENCES
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Dermatology.2009;8(8):169-173
Robin Lucas, Tony McMichael, Wayne Smith, Bruce Armstrong. Solar Ultraviolet Radiation. Environmental Burden of Disease WHO.2006;(13):15
B L Diffey. Ultraviolet Radiation Physics and The Skin. Phys. med. Biol..1980;25(3):10-15
Annesofie Faurschou, Hans Christian Wulf. European Dermatology Guidelines for Photodermatoses. European Dermatology Forum.2008;e.g. 32(e.g.
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John H. Epstein, Stephen Q. Wang. Understanding UVA and UVB. http://www.skincancer.org/prevention/uva-and-uvb/understanding-uva-and-uvb
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