URBAN

Chapter 4 and Chapter 5

- The ease of reaching these

places affects household income
and housing location.

- Is enabled by transport and the

development of transport network
shapes cities over the long term.

Focal points for property

development and economic
activity.

- Is vital to achieve economies of

scale for public transport
services.

- Can reduce the distance between

residential and employment areas
which lessens dependency on cars
and travel demand altogether.

- Usually planned approximately one

km apart from each other and local
streets provide links between them.

- Connects origin and destinations

with multiple alternative routes.

-ensured when there are frequent

intersections and multiple routes to
get from point A to point B.

-is not a traffic flow impediment

but an excessive road width can
create barrier.

- Cost effective way to upgrade a

streetscape.

-improved by installing street

furniture widening pavements and
planting trees.

Benefits of streetscape

Can be used on streets and also

arteries

-growing exponentially due to

population growth and improve
economic conditions.

-offer the convenience of

individual choice but this
advantage is traded for much
more land being used for road
space and parking.

- Have higher congestion and public

health costs from emissions, smog
and other pollutants.

- Can get large number of people

to their destinations efficiently.

-are adaptive to the spatial

structure and require low
investment in infrastructure.

- Runs on semi-exclusive lanes

and has a higher passenger
capacity.

-require higher infrastructure

investment but are very reliable
and have a high capacity.

Includes more intensive land

development around nodes and is
emissions is free if running on
electricity.

- Extremely cost-effective and

providing that pollution levels are
acceptable has a positive effects on
health.

- Determines public transport

speed.

Key success factors for public

transport system

- Depends on the type of right of

way that public transport runs on.

- Enhances the reliability of a city's

performance over time making it
better able to endure shocks.

- Is the most determinant change

factor of our time and cities must
play a central part in addressing
it.

Effects of climate change

- Depends on the capacity to

anticipate and plan for the future
.

- Identify sectorial vulnerabilities

and provide the basis for
prioritizing spatial adaptation.

- Less able to adapt and have

fewer resources.

- Is a standardized tool to access

urban risk and identity areas and
population that are most
vulnerable.,.

- Develop urban risk assessment

- Provides a framework for both

qualitative and quantitative
assessment to enhance local
government capacity.

- competitive and can sustain its

advantage over time.

- Provides inventory categories

for public sector facilities and
vehicle fleets.

- Should be embedded in spatial and

transport planning.

Associated with lower densities and

larger home sizes which occupy
more land resulting in loss of forest
and vegetation.

-Can be used for carbon

sequestration to improve air quality
and to improve heat island effect.

- Can be a potential financing

option.

- Used as an energy source to

produce heat and hot water