CARBONATE SEDIMENTATION

Control on Carbonate Sedimentation

Carbonate Sedimentation:
1. Occur in the world ocean
2. Greatest accumulation :

Warm Shallow water

Between 30 degree North and South of the equator

The main control on carbonate production:

1. Temperature
2. Salinity
3. Light Intensity

Carbonate sediments :
Insitu production
Organic growth
Chemical precipitation

Redistributed material in short distance

Carbonate system:
Provide their own sources
Carbonate depositional model Clastic
dep. model

Carbonate Factory
Located at:

1. break
2. slope
3. other elevation

Characters:
1. High turbulence
2. Low turbidity
3. Water depth relatively shallow

Carbonate Production
1. Organic;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Corals
Shells
Algae
Forams
Most lime mud

2. Inorganic ; 1.Ooids,
2.Agragates,
3.Cements

Carbonate Composition
1. Calsite
2. Aragonite Limestone
3. Dolomite Dolostone

Carbonate Rocks Ingredients

1.
2.
3.
4.

Allochem grain
Mud
micrite
Cement
Terregenous grains

Carbonate Rocks Ingredients

Allochem
Carbonate grains undergone transportation
1. Intraclast
2. Pellets (peloids)
3. Ooids
4. Skeletals fragments (bioclast)

Carbonate Rocks Ingredients

Intraclast
Sediments agregat eroded from ajacent sea floor

Invertebrate indiscretion
Gastropod
Crustaceans

Ooids
Nucleous carbonate or non carbonate

Carbonate Rocks Ingredients

Skeletals fragments (bioclast)
Wide variety of grain of difference
organism
Lime Mud
1. Generated on shallow tropical shelves
2. Biogenic degradation

Carbonate Rocks Ingredients

Sparite (sparry calcite) cement
1. Clean calcite xtals
2. Larger than micrite
3. Pore filling cement between grain

Carbonate Accumulation rates.

Geological time scale
Carbonate Platforms grow rapidly
Capable of maintaining pace with rate of
sea level rise
Max sea level rise/carbonate acc.
8mm/1000 yr
If sea rise > 8mm/1000yr the platforms
drowned

Carbonate Accumulation rates.

Drowning can be occurs also
Sea level rise < 8mm/1000 yr
Enviromental factors suppres the rate of
carbonate production

Potential causes:
1. Trangression lag of time
2. Climate
3. Lower rate in deeper water

The cycle of Carbonate growth

1. Start Up
2. Catch Up
3. Keep Up

The Keep Up Phase:

Expansion of Carbonate Factory
Lateral Accretion
Prograding

Control on Carbonate Sedimentation

and Sequence Stratigraphy
Sea level changes
Environmental changes
Differences with siliciclastic
System Track

Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy

Sequence stratigraphy is a relatively new science,
evolved principally by Vail and Exxon workers in clastic
systems.
Carbonate sequence stratigraphy is even more recent.
Several publications on carbonate sequence stratigraphy
have tended to shoe-horn carbonates into the clastic
model. Beware!
We have tried to adopt more pragmatic approach,
incorporating our understanding of controls independent
of sea-level

Controls on:
CARBONATE
ACCUMULATION
Eustacy
Subsidence
Carbonate productivity

Temperature
Light
Oxygenation
Clastic input
Predation/disease
Nutrient supply

CLASTIC
ACCUMULATION
Eustacy
Subsidence
Sediment supply

Initiation Start-Up

Favourable environmental factors

Initiated or eleveted area, shelf break, etc
Early opportunistic colonization
Lag time between marine flooding and vigourous production
(usually a few thousand years)
INITIATION REPRESENTS MARINE FLOODING AND
IMPINGEMENT OF PHOTIC ZONE ON AN ANTECEDENT
SURFACE
- EARLY TST
(Rapid relative sealevel rise)

- MAY BE LST
(Relative sealevel fall)

Development
AGGRADATION vertical up-building of
carbonates keeping pace with relative rising sealevel. Carbonate production keeps pace with the
rate of creation of accomodation space.
PROGRADATION lateral building of
carbonates as a consequence of over
production with reduced rate of creation of
accomodation space.

Development
4. CARBONATE PRODUCTION CAN
USUALLY KEEP PACE WITH SEA-LEVEL
RISE
CATCH-UP Platform growth achieves
equilibrium with rising sea-level.
KEEP-UP Plalform maintains equilibrium with
sea-level in vertical sense, or overproduces.

Development
AGGRADATION
In purely aggrading system, especially in
isolated buildups, there are limits to what we
can predict from seismic alone on the sequence
stratigraphy and sedimentology of the buildups.
AGGRADATION RISING RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL
- TST

Development
PROGRADATION
Main opportunity for carbonates to shed
material to the basin.
PROGRADATION SEA-LEVEL HIGHSTAND
- HST
MAXIMUM FLOODING SURFACE (MFS)
WHERE PROGRADING HST DOWNLAPS TST

Development
PROGRADATION
Highstand shedding an important concept in
carbonates, whereby overproduced carbonate
is shed to the basin, including carbonate fans.

5. MOST CARBONATE IS SHED FROM

OVERPRODUCING PLATFORMS TO
THE BASIN DURING HIGHSTAND

Demise
Partial (Backstepping, Downstepping)
Total
Caused by
Drowning
Exposure

Demise
DROWNING
Partial drowning is termed:
Backstepping
Retrogradation

It may be function of rapid relative sea-level rise,

but it may be caused by some or all the factors
controlling carbonate sedimentation

- TST

or

INDEPENDENT OF SEA LEVEL CHANGE

Demise
DROWNING
Total drowning is termed Submergence, creating
the Drowing Unconformity.
Again it may be a function of rapid relative sea-level
rise, but not necessarily (many examples suggest
otherwise)

- TST

or

INDEPENDENT OF SEA LEVEL CHANGE

Demise
6. DROWNING UNCONFORMITIES
Rapid change from carbonates to siliciclastic
Unconformity (sequence boundary) morphology produced
due to change in sediment dispersal.
Presence or absence of exposure is not relevant to
definition.
No HST developed in carbonates afterwards.
Caused primarily by environmental stressing of carbonate;
sea-level rise is an effect, not necessarily a cause.

Demise
EXPOSURE
7. LOWSTAND DEPOSITION IN BASIN
VOLUMETRICALLY SMALL. CARBONATE
LOWSTAND FANS UNLIKELY TO BE OF
SIGNIFICANCE
May result in Downstepping of margin
Low net sedimentation during lowstand may result in
preferential marine cementation of earlier highstand
deposits.

Demise
KARSTIFICATION
A major porosity-creative process due to
freshwater leaching, but highly climatedependent.
~ 75% of all carbonate reservoirs have very
significant early secondary porosity.
Carbonates spend up to 90% of their life
exposed.

Demise
UNCONFORMITY OR DROWNING
UNCONFORMITY?
Differentiation between the two is clearly difficult
from seismic alone, but the implications for
reservoir quality are significant.
UNCONFORMITY

Stringers
Downstepping
Erosion of margin
Karst effects on seismic

Summary
MAIN DIFFERENCES WITH CLASTIC SYSTEMS:
Environmental change strongly influences carbonate
accumulation, as well as sea-level change.
Shelf carbonates are largely autochtonous and ...
Are produce and accumulate at, or close to, sea-level
Healthy carbonate production can usually keep pace with
sea-level rise.
Most carbonate is shed to the basin during highstand.
Limited basinal deposition during lowstand; Lowstand
carbonate fans minor.
Drowning unconformities independent of sea-level.

Drowning surface

SB-2

TST2
LST

HST

LST

TST-1

SB-1

RESERVOIR MODEL BASED ON THE WELL CORRELATION

GAS IN THE SILISICLATIC RESERVOIR

OIL IN THE SILISICLASTIC RESERVOIR

PROBABLE SHALE OUT

6200 MD

5700MD
Not Younger Than N12
5750MD
(6200 - 6550 ) MD:
(6200- 6530 ) MD: N12 - N10/N9
probably upper bathyal (Middle Miocene)

GAS IN THE
CARBONATE RESERVOIR

6530 MD
?Older Than N9
(? Early Miocene)

6550 MD

5946MD

(5946 - 6300 ) MD : N10 - ?N9

6720MD : coal

(6 58 0 - 6790 ) MD

(6580 - 6620 ) MD : calcareous quartzwacke

Top Carbonate

6790MD : coal
6821 MD : mottled
6837.5 MD : 30%,

some is intraskeletal,
most is secondary
(dissolved)

(6 810 - 6 929 ) MD

Possible Top of Tuban

@ 7040 MD

GOC 6128TVD (-6040 SSTVD )

(6865 - 6879.2) MD : mottled, oil saturated

UV

6917.3 MD : mottled, oil saturated

6300MD
6322MD : N9

DST #1 (6370 - 6600 MD KB)

Flowed 4705 BOPD
(40API), 3 MMCFGPD, 36%Co2 and
2% H2S at 1140 PSI WHP,
through a 44/64 choke.

(6706 - 6708 ) MD :N14

upper bathyal
(6708 - 6720) MD : sand with dominant quartz,
foram plankton & carbonaceous
(Ngrayong Fm.), Middle Miocene

6704MD : inner nerit ic

(6796 - 6832) MD : siltstone with

dominant quartz, calcite & foram plankton
(Tawun - Upper Tuban Fm.)
(6832MD : siltstone with quartz without
identification of limestone (or wckst)
(Upper Tuban Fm.)

DST #3 (7234 - 7278 MD)

Flowed 1857 BOPD, 1362 MMCFGD
242 BWPD (32000 PPMCL), 34% CO2 and 1.6% H2S
at 950 PSI WHP, through a 32/64 chocke.

DST #2 (7313 - 7341 MD)

Flowed 2053 BOPD, 1.54 MMCFGD, 127 BWPD (900 PPMCL),
40% CO2 and 1.8% H2S at 1026 PSI WHP,
through a 32/64 chocke.

6948MD

Estimated OWC (7540 MD)

DST #1 (7558 - 7610 MD)
Flowed 286 BWPD (11.000 PPMCL), 50% CO2 and 2.8% H2S
at 146 PSI WHP, through a 24/64 chocke.

7590MD : inner sublithoral

Early Miocene
(Not Younger Than Upper Te)

(6708 - 6948 ) MD : N13 - N12

6470 MD : wackestone >>

(670 2 - 6952 ) MD

moldic

(6370 - 649 0 ) MD

6360MD: N8, upper bathyal zone (PT. Core Lab, 2002)

6370 MD : quartzwacke
6380 MD : wckst/pkst, sec

6390 MD : wckst/pkst (100%)

DST #3 (6854 - 6896 MD KB)

Flowed 2992 BOPD
2.08 MMCFGPD, 2957 BWPD
(8700 PPMCL), 24% CO2 and 2% H2S
at 542 PSI WHP through a 1 choke.

Possible GOC : 6841 MD / 6137 TVD (- 6049)

OWC : 7426
MD / 6612 TVD (- 6524)

Estimated OWC (7240 MD)

DST #2 (7348 - 7548 MD KB)

Flowed 2300 BWPD
(9426 PPMCL), 40% Co2 and 2% H2S at
110 PSI WHP, through a 44/64 choke.

7400 MD : inner sublithoral

Early Miocene
(Not Younger Than Upper Te)

Based on RFT :
GOC 6128 TVD
OWC 6618 TVD

OIL IN THE CARBONATE RESERVOIR

TOP OF CARBONATE RESERVOIR

Perm : 9.14 - 17
Por : 16.42 - 21.13%