Chap Array Last

Arrays
Int array [4][4];

For (int i =0; i<4;i++){
For (int j =0; j<4;j++){
array[i][j]=i;
}
}
For (int k =0; k<4;k++){
For (int n =0; n<4;n++){
Cout << array[k][n];
}
}
1
Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
Int A [4][4] = {{1,2,3,4},{1,2,3,4},{1,2,3,4},

{1,2,3,4}};
Int B [4][4] = {{1,2,3,4},{1,2,3,4},{1,2,3,4},
{1,2,3,4}};
Int Sum [4][4];
For (int i =0; i<4;i++){
For (int j =0; j<4;j++){
Sum [i][j]= A[i][j] + B[i][j]
}
}
2
Recursion
Unsigned long Factorial (Unsigned long number) {
if (number <=1)
return number;
else
return number * Factorial (number-1);
}
Explanation
If the number is 5
return 5* Factorial(4)
return 5* 4 Factorial(3)
return 5*4*3* Factorial(2)
return 5*4*3*2 Factorial(1)
7.1 Arrays Hold Multiple values

Unlike regular variables, arrays can hold
multiple values.
Figure 7-1
int count
Enough memory for 1 int

12345
float price
Enough memory for 1

float
56.981
char letter
Enough memory for 1 char

A
5
Figure 7-2
Table 7-1
Array Declaration
char letters[25];
short rings[100];
int miles[84];
float temp[12];
doubledDistance[1000];
Number of
Elements
25
100
84
12
1000
Size of
Each Element
Size of the
Array
1
2
4
4
8
25 bytes
200 bytes
336 bytes
48 bytes
8000 bytes
byte
bytes
bytes
bytes
bytes
7.2 Accessing Array elements

The individual elements of an array are
assigned unique subscripts. These
subscripts are used to access the elements.
Program 7-1
// This program asks the user for the number of hours worked
// by 6 employees. It uses a 6-element int array to store the
// values.
#include <iostream.h>
void main(void)
{
short hours[6];
cout << "Enter the hours worked by six employees: ";
cin >> hours[0];
cin >> hours[1];
cin >> hours[2];
cin >> hours[3];
Int hours[6][6];
For i:= 1 to 6 {
For j: 1 to 6 {
9
Cin >> hours [I] [j] }
}
Program continues
cin >> hours[4];
cin >> hours[5];
cout << "The hours you entered are:";
cout << " " << hours[0];
cout << " " << hours[1];
cout << " " << hours[2];
cout << " " << hours[3];
cout << " " << hours[4];
cout << " " << hours[5] << endl;
}
10
Program Output with Example

Input
Enter the hours worked by six employees: 20 12 40 30 30
15 [Enter]
The hours you entered are: 20 12 40 30 30 15
11
Figure 7-7
12
Program 7-2
// by 6 employees. It uses a 6-element short array to store the
// values.
void main(void)
{
short hours[6];
for (int count = 0; count < 6; count++)
cin >> hours[count];
cout << "The hours you entered are:";
for (count = 0; count < 6; count++)
cout << " " << hours[count];
cout << endl;
}
13

Input
Enter the hours worked by six employees: 20 12 40 30 30
15 [Enter]
The hours you entered are: 20 12 40 30 30 15
14
Program 7-3
// by 6 employees. It uses a 6-element short array to store the
// values.
#include<iostream.h>
void main(void)
{
short hours[6];
cout << "Enter the hours worked by six employees.\n";
for (int count = 1; count <= 6; count++)
{
cout << "Employee " << count << ": ";
cin >> hours[count - 1];
}
cout << "The hours you entered are\n";
15
Program continues
for (count = 1; count <= 6; count++)
{
cout << "Employee " << count << ": ";
cout << hours[count - 1] << endl;
}
}
16

Input
Enter the hours worked by six employees.
Employee 1: 20 [Enter]
The hours you entered are
Employee 1: 20
Employee 2: 12
Employee 3: 40
Employee 4: 30
Employee 5: 30
Employee 6: 15
17
7.3 No Bounds Checking in C++

C++ gives you the freedom to store data
past an arrays boundaries.
18
Program 7-4
// This program unsafely accesses an area of memory by writing
// values beyond an array's boundary.
// WARNING: If you compile and run this program, it could cause
// the computer to crash.
void main(void)
{
short values[3];
// An array of 3 short integers.
cout << "I will store 5 numbers in a 3 element array!\n";

values[count] = 100;
cout << "If you see this message, it means the computer\n";
cout << "has not crashed! Here are the numbers:\n";
cout << values[count] << endl;
}
19
Figure 7-8
20
7.4 Array Initialization

Arrays may be initialized when they are
declared.
21
Program 7-5
// This program displays the number of days in each month.
// It uses a 12-element int array.
void main(void)
{
int days[12];
days[0] = 31;
days[1] = 28;
days[2] = 31;
days[3] = 30;
days[4] = 31;
days[5] = 30;
days[6] = 31;
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
22
Program continues
days[7] = 31; // August
days[8] = 30; // September
days[9] = 31; // October
days[10] = 30; // November
days[11] = 31; // December
{
cout << "Month " << (count + 1) << " has ";
cout << days[count] << " days.\n";
}
}
23
Program Output
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
1 has 31 days.
2 has 28 days.
3 has 31 days.
4 has 30 days.
5 has 31 days.
6 has 30 days.
7 has 31 days.
8 has 31 days.
9 has 30 days.
10 has 31 days.
11 has 30 days.
12 has 31 days.
24
Program 7-6
// It uses a 12-element int array.
void main(void)
{
int days[12] = {31, 28, 31, 30,
31, 30, 31, 31,
30, 31, 30, 31};
{
cout << "Month " << (count + 1) << " has ";
}
}
25
Program Output
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
Month
1 has 31 days.
2 has 28 days.
3 has 31 days.
4 has 30 days.
5 has 31 days.
6 has 30 days.
7 has 31 days.
8 has 31 days.
9 has 30 days.
10 has 31 days.
11 has 30 days.
12 has 31 days.
26
Program 7-7
// This program uses an array of ten characters to store the
// first ten letters of the alphabet. The ASCII codes of the
// characters are displayed.
void main(void)
{
char letters[10] = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E',
'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J'};
cout << "Character" << "\t" << "ASCII Code\n";
cout << "--------" << "\t" << "----------\n";
{
cout << letters[count] << "\t\t";
cout << int(letters[count]) << endl;
}
}
27
Program Output
Character
--------A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
ASCII Code
---------65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
28
Partial Array Initialization

When an array is being initialized, C++
does not require a value for every element.
int numbers[7] = {1, 2, 4, 8};
29
Program 7-8
// This program has a partially initialized array.
void main(void)
{
int numbers[7] = {1, 2, 4, 8}; // Initialize the
// first 4 elements.
cout << "Here are the contents of the array:\n";
for (int index = 0; index < 7; index++)
cout << numbers[index] << endl;
}
30
Program Output
Here are the contents of the array:
1
2
4
8
0
0
0
31
Implicit Array Sizing

It is possible to declare an array without
specifying its size, as long as you provide an
initialization list.
float ratings[] = {1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0};
32
Initializing With Strings

When initializing a character array with a
string, simply enclose the string in
quotation marks:
char name[] = Warren;
33
Figure 7-11
34
Program 7-9
// This program displays the contents of two char arrays.
void main(void)
{
char name1[] = "Holly";
char name2[] = {'W', 'a', 'r', 'r', 'e', 'n', '\0'};
cout << name1 << endl;
cout << name2 << endl;
}
35
Program Output
Holly
Warren
36
7.5 Processing Array Contents

Individual array elements are processed like
any other type of variable.
37
Program 7-10
// This program stores, in an array, the hours worked by 5
// employees who all make the same hourly wage.
void main(void)
{
int hours[5];
float payRate;
cout << "Enter the hours worked by 5 employees who all\n";
cout << "earn the same hourly rate.\n";
{
cout << "Employee #" << (index + 1) << ": ";
cin >> hours[index];
}
38
Program continues
cout << "Enter the hourly pay rate for all the employees: ";
cin >> payRate;
cout << "Here is the gross pay for each employee:\n";
cout.precision(2);
cout.setf(ios::fixed | ios::showpoint);
for (index = 0; index < 5; index++)
{
float grossPay = hours[index] * payRate;
cout << "Employee #" << (index + 1);
cout << ": $" << grossPay << endl;
}
}
39

Input
Enter the hours worked by 5 employees who all
earn the same hourly rate.
Employee #1: 5 [Enter]
Enter the hourly pay rate for all the employees: 12.75
[Enter]
Here is the gross pay for each employee:
Employee #1: $63.75
Employee #2: $127.50
40
Program 7-11
// This program stores, in an array, the hours worked by 5
// employees who all make the same hourly wage. It then
// displays the gross pay, including any overtime.
// Constant for defining the array size
void main(void)
{
int hours[5];
float payRate;
cout << "Enter the hours worked by 5 employees who all\n";
cout << "earn the same hourly rate.\n";
{
cout << "Employee #" << (index + 1) << ": ";
}
41
Program continues
cout << "Enter the hourly pay rate for all the employees: ";
cin >> payRate;
cout.precision(2);
{
float grossPay, overTime;
if (hours[index] > 40)
{
// Calculate pay for 40 hours.
grossPay = 40 * payRate;
// Calculate overtime pay.
overTime = (hours[index] - 40) * 1.5 * payRate;
// Add regular pay and overtime pay.
grossPay += overTime;
}
42
Program continues
else
grossPay = hours[index] * payRate;
}
}
43

Input
Enter the hours worked by 5 employees who all
earn the same hourly rate.
Enter the hourly pay rate for all the employees: 12.75 [Enter]
44
7.6 Focus on Software Engineering:

Parallel Arrays
By using he same subscript, you can build
relationships between data stored in two or
more arrays.
45
Program 7-12
// This program stores, in two arrays, the hours worked by 5
// employees, and their hourly pay rates.
// Constant for defining the array size
const int numEmps = 5;
void main(void)
{
int hours[numEmps];
float payRate[numEmps];
cout << "Enter the hours worked by << numEmps
<< employees and their\n";
cout << "hourly rates.\n";
for (int index = 0; index < numEmps; index++)
{
cout << "hours worked by employee #" << (index + 1);
cout << ": ";
46
Program continues
cout << "Hourly pay rate for employee #";
cout << (index + 1) << ": ";
cin >> payRate[index];
}
cout.precision(2);
for (index = 0; index < numEmps; index++)
{
float grossPay = hours[index] * payRate[index];
}
}
47

Enter
the hours worked by 5 employees and their hourly rates.
Input
hours worked by employee #1: 10 [Enter]
Hourly pay rate for employee #1: 9.75 [Enter]
Employee #1: $97.50
48
7.7 Thou Shalt Not Assign

You cannot use the assignment operator to
copy one arrays contents to another.
for (int count=0; count < 4; count++)
newVal[count] = oldVal[count];
49
Table 7-2
Expression
Value
O ld V a lu e s [0 ]
10 (Contents of Element 0 of O l d V a l u e s )
N e w V a lu e s
8012 (Memory Address of N e w V a l u e s )
O ld V a lu e s
8024 (Memory Address of O l d V a l u e s )
50
7.8 Printing the Contents of an

Array
To display the contents of an array, you
must use a loop to display the contents of
each element.
int array[5] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };
cout << array[count] << endl;
51
7.9 Arrays As Function Arguments

To pass an array as an argument to a
function, pass the name of the array.
52
Program 7-13
// This program demonstrates that an array element is passed
// to a function like any other variable.
void ShowValue(int);
// Function prototype
void main(void)
{
int collection[8] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40};
for (int Cycle = 0; Cycle < 8; Cycle++)
ShowValue(collection[Cycle]);
}
53
Program continues
//************************************
// Definition of function showValue.
*
// This function accepts an integer argument. *
// The value of the argument is displayed.
*
//************************************
void ShowValue(int Num)
{
cout << Num << " ";
}
54
Program Output
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
55
Program 7-14
// This program demonstrates an array being passed to a function.
void showValues(int []); // Function prototype
void main(void)
{
int collection[8] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40};
showValues(collection);
// Passing address of array collection
}
//***********************************************
// Definition of function showValues.
*
// This function accepts an array of 8 integers *
// as its argument. The contents of the array
*
// is displayed.
*
//***********************************************
void showValues(int nums[])
{
cout << nums[index] << " ";
}
56
Program Output
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
57
Program 7-15
// This program demonstrates an array being passed to a function.
void showValues(int []);
void main(void)
{
int set1[8] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40};
int set2[8] = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16};
showValues(set1);
cout << endl;
showValues(set2);
}
//***********************************************
*
// This function accepts an array of 8 integers *
// as its argument. The contents of the array
*
// is displayed.
*
//***********************************************
void showValues(int nums[])
{
}
58
Program Output
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
59
Program 7-16
// This program uses a function that can display the contents
// of an integer array of any size.
void showValues(int [], int); // Function prototype
void main(void)
{
int set1[8] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40};
int set2[4] = {2, 4, 6, 8};
int set3[12] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12};
showValues(set1, 8);
cout << endl;
cout << endl;
}
60
Program continues
//***********************************************
*
// This function displays the contents of the
*
// array passed into nums. The value passed
*
// into elements is the number of elements in
*
// the nums array.
*
//***********************************************
void showValues(int nums[], int elements)
{
for (int index = 0; index < elements; index++)
}
61
Program Output
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2468
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
62
Program 7-17
// This program uses a function that doubles the contents of
// the elements within an array.
void doubleArray(int [], int);
const int arraySize = 12;
void main(void)
{
int set[arraySize] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12};
cout << "The arrays values are:\n";
for (int index = 0; index < arraySize; index++)
cout << set[index] << " ";
cout << endl;
doubleArray(set, arraySize);
cout << "After calling doubleArray, the values are:\n";
63
Program continues
for (int index = 0; index < arraySize; index++)
cout << set[index] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
//**************************************************
// Definition of function doubleArray.
*
// This function doubles the value of each element *
// in the array passed into nums.
*
// The value passed into size is the number of
*
// elements in the nums array.
*
//**************************************************
void doubleArray(int nums[], int size)
{
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
nums[index] *= 2;
}
64
Program Output
The array values are:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
After calling doubleArray, the values are:
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
65
7.10 Two-dimensional Arrays

A two-dimensional array is like several
identical arrays put together. It is useful for
storing multiple sets of data.
66
Program 7-18
// This program demonstrates a two-dimensional array.
void main(void)
{
float sales[3][4]; // 2D array, 3 rows and 4
columns.
float totalSales = 0;
// To hold the total sales.
int dir, qtr;
// Loop counters.
67
Program continues
cout << "This program will calculate the total sales of\n";
cout << "all the company's divisions.\n";
cout << "Enter the following sales information:\n\n";
// Nested loops to fill the array with quarterly
// sales figures for each division.
for (div = 0; div < 3; div++)
{
for (qtr = 0; qtr < 4; qtr++)
{
cout << "Division " << (div + 1);
cout << ", Quarter " << (qtr + 1) << ": $";
cin >> sales[div][qtr];
}
cout << endl; // Print blank line.
}
68
Program continues
// Nested loops to add all the elements.
for (div = 0; div < 3; div++)
for (qtr = 0; qtr < 4; qtr++)
totalSales += sales[div][qtr];
cout.precision(2);
cout << "The total sales for the company are: $";
cout << totalSales << endl;
}
69

Input
This program will calculate the total sales of
all the company's divisions.
Enter the following sales information:
Division
Division
Division
Division
1,
1,
1,
1,
Quarter
Quarter
Quarter
Quarter
1:
2:
3:
4:
$31569.45
$29654.23
$32982.54
$39651.21
[Enter]
[Enter]
[Enter]
[Enter]
Division
Division
Division
Division
2,
2,
2,
2,
Quarter
Quarter
Quarter
Quarter
1: $56321.02 [Enter]
2: $54128.63 [Enter]
3: $41235.85 [Enter]
4: $54652.33 [Enter]
70
Output continues
Division
Division
Division
Division
3,
3,
3,
3,
Quarter
Quarter
Quarter
Quarter
1:
2:
3:
4:
$29654.35
$28963.32
$25353.55
$32615.88
[Enter]
[Enter]
[Enter]
[Enter]
The total sales for the company are: $456782.34
71
Passing Two-dimensional Arrays

to Functions
When a two-dimensional array is
passed to a function, the
parameter type must contain a
size declarator for the number of
columns.
72
7.11 Arrays of Strings

A two-dimensional array of characters can
be used as an array of C-strings.
73
Program 7-20
// It uses a two-dimensional character array to hold the
// names of the months and an int array to hold the number
// of days.
void main(void)
{
char months[12][10] = {"January", "February", "March",
"April", "May", "June",
"July", "August", "September,
"October", "November","December"};
int days[12] = { 31, 28, 31, 30,
31, 30, 31, 31,
30, 31, 30, 31};
{
cout << months[count] << " has ";
}
}
74
Program 7-20 (continued)

Program Output
January has 31 days.
February has 28 days.
March has 31 days.
April has 30 days.
May has 31 days.
June has 30 days.
July has 31 days.
August has 31 days.
September has 30 days.
October has 31 days.
November has 30 days.
December has 31 days.
75
Three Dimensional Arrays and

Beyond
C++ allows you to create arrays with
virtually any number of dimensions.
Here is an example of a three-dimensional
array declaration:
float seat[3][5][8];
76
7.14 Introduction to the STL

vector
The Standard Template Library (or STL) is
a collection of data types and algorithms
that you may use in your programs. These
data types and algorithms are programmerdefined. They are not part of the C++
language, but were created in addition to
the built-in data types.
77

vector
The data types that are defined in the STL
are commonly called containers, because
they store and organize data.
There are two types of containers in the
STL: sequence containers and associative
containers.
The vector data type is a sequence
container.
78

vector
A vector is like an array in the following
ways:
A vector holds a sequence of values, or
elements.
A vector stores its elements in contiguous
memory locations.
You can use the array subscript operator [] to
read the individual elements in the vector
79

vector
However, a vector offers several
advantages over arrays. Here are just a few:
You do not have to declare the number of
elements that the vector will have.
If you add a value to a vector that is already
full, the vector will automatically increase its
size to accommodate the new value.
vectors can report the number of elements
they contain.
80
Declaring a vector
To use vectors in your program, you must
first #include the vector header file with
the following statement:
#include <vector>
Note: There is no .h at the end of the file
name.
81
Declaring a vector
The next step is to include the following
statement after your #include statements:
using namespace std;
The STL uses namespaces to organize the
names of its data types and algorithms.
82
Declaring a vector
Now you are ready to declare an actual
vector object. Here is an example:
vector<int> numbers;
The statement above declares numbers as
a vector of ints.
83
Declaring a vector
You can declare a starting size, if you
prefer. Here is an example:
vector<int> numbers(10);
The statement above declares numbers as
a vector of 10 ints.
84
Other examples of vector

Declarations
Declaration Format
Description
vector<float> amounts;
Declares amounts as an empty vector

of floats.
vector<int> scores(15);
Declares scores as a vector of 15

ints.
vector<char> letters(25, 'A');
Declares letters as a vector of 25

characters. Each element is initialized
with 'A'.
vector<double> values2(values1);
Declares values2 as a vector of

doubles. All the elements of values1,
which also a vector of doubles, are
copied to value2.
85
Storing and Retrieving Values in

a vector
To store a value in an element that already
exists in a vector, you may use the array
subscript operator [].
86
Program 7-23
// This program stores, in two vectors, the hours worked by 5
// employees, and their hourly pay rates.
#include <vector>
// Needed to declare vectors
void main(void)
{
vector<int> hours(5);
vector<float> payRate(5);
// Declare a vector of 5 integers

// Declare a vector of 5 floats
cout << "Enter the hours worked by 5 employees and their\n";

cout << "hourly rates.\n";
{
cout << "Hours worked by employee #" << (index + 1);
cout << ": ";
cout << (index + 1) << ": ";
cin >> payRate[index];
}
87

cout.precision(2);
{
}
}
88

Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold
Enter the hours worked by 5 employees and their
hourly rates.
Hours worked by employee #1: 10 [Enter]
Employee #1: $97.50
89
Using the push_back Member

Function
You cannot use the [] operator to access a
vector element that does not exist.
To store a value in a vector that does not
have a starting size, or is already full, use
the push_back member function. Here is
an example:
numbers.push_back(25);
90
Program 7-24
// This program stores, in two vectors, the hours worked by a specified
// number of employees, and their hourly pay rates.
#include <vector>
// Needed to declare vectors
void main(void)
{
vector<int> hours;
vector<float> payRate;
int numEmployees;
// hours is an empty vector

// payRate is an empty vector
// The number of employees
cout << "How many employees do you have? ";

cin >> numEmployees;
cout << "Enter the hours worked by " << numEmployees;
cout << " employees and their hourly rates.\n";
91

for (int index = 0; index < numEmployees; index++)
{
int tempHours;
// To hold the number of hours entered
float tempRate; // To hold the payrate entered
cout << "Hours worked by employee #" << (index + 1);
cout << ": ";
cin >> tempHours;
hours.push_back(tempHours); // Add an element to hours
cout << (index + 1) << ": ";
cin >> tempRate;
payRate.push_back(tempRate); // Add an element to payRate
}
cout.precision(2);
for (index = 0; index < numEmployees; index++)
{
}
}
92

How many employees do you have? 3 [Enter]
Enter the hours worked by 3 employees and their hourly rates.
Employee #3: $1019.25
93
Determining the Size of a

vector
Unlike arrays, vectors can report the number of elements

they contain. This is accomplished with the size member
function. Here is an example of a statement that uses the
size member function:
numValues = set.size();
In the statement above, assume that numValues is an
int, and set is a vector. After the statement executes,
numValues will contain the number of elements in the
vector set.
94
Determining the Size of a

vector
Example:
void showValues(vector<int> vect)

{
for (int count = 0; count < vect.size(); count++)
cout << vect[count] << endl;
}
95
Program 7-25
// This program demonstrates the vector size
// member function.
#include <vector>
void showValues(vector<int>);
void main(void)
{
vector<int> values;
values.push_back(count * 2);
showValues(values);
}
96

//**************************************************
*
// This function accepts an int vector as its
*
// argument. The value of each of the vector's
*
// elements is displayed.
*
//**************************************************
void showValues(vector<int> vect)
{
cout << vect[count] << endl;
}
97

Program Output
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
98
Removing Elements from a

vector
Use the pop_back member function to
remove the last element from a vector.
collection.pop_back();
The statement above removes the last
element from the collection vector.
99
Program 7-26
// This program demosntrates the vector size member function.
#include <vector>
void main(void)
{
vector<int> values;
// Store values in the vector
values.push_back(1);
cout << "The size of values is " << values.size() << endl;
// Remove a value from the vector
cout << "Popping a value from the vector...\n";
values.pop_back();
cout << "The size of values is now " << values.size() << endl;
100

// Now remove another value from the vector
values.pop_back();
// Remove the last value from the vector
values.pop_back();
}
Program Output
The size of values is 3
Popping a value from the vector...
The size of values is now 2
101
Clearing a vector
To completely clear the contents of a
vector, use the clear member function.
Here is an example:
numbers.clear();
After the statement above executes, the
numbers vector will be cleared of all its
elements.
102
Program 7-27
// This program demosntrates the vector size member function.
#include <vector>
void main(void)
{
vector<int> values(100);
cout << "The values vector has
<< values.size() << " elements.\n";
cout << "I will call the clear member function...\n";
values.clear();
cout << "Now, the values vector has
<< values.size() << " elements.\n";
}
103

Program Output
The values vector has 100 elements.
I will call the clear member function...
Now, the values vector has 0 elements.
104
Detecting an Empty vector

To determine if a vector is empty, use the
empty member function. The function
returns true if the vector is empty, and
false if the vector has elements stored
in it. Here is an example of its use:
if (set.empty())
cout << "No values in set.\n";
105
Program 7-28
// This program demosntrates the vector's empty member function.
#include <vector>
float avgVector(vector<int>);
void main(void)
{
vector<int> values;
int numValues;
float average;
cout << "How many values do you wish to average? ";
cin >> numValues;
106

for (int count = 0; count < numValues; count++)
{
int tempValue;
cout << "Enter a value: ";
cin >> tempValue;
values.push_back(tempValue);
}
average = avgVector(values);
cout << "Average: " << average << endl;
}
//*************************************************************
// Definition of function avgVector.
*
// This function accepts an int vector as its argument. If
*
// the vector contains values, the function returns the
*
// average of those values. Otherwise, an error message is
*
// displayed and the function returns 0.0.
*
//*************************************************************
107

float avgVector(vector<int> vect)
{
int total = 0; // accumulator
float avg;
// average
if (vect.empty())
// Determine if the vector is empty
{
cout << "No values to average.\n";
avg = 0.0;
}
else
{
total += vect[count];
avg = total / vect.size();
}
return avg;
}
108

How many values do you wish to average?
Enter a value: 12
Enter a value: 18
Enter a value: 3
Enter a value: 7
Enter a value: 9
Average: 9

How many values do you wish to average? 0
No values to average.
Average: 0
109
Summary of vector Member

Functions
Member Function
Description
at(element)
Returns the value of the element located at element in the

vector.
Example:
x = vect.at(5);
The statement above assigns the value of the 5th element of
vect to x.
capacity()
Returns the maximum number of elements that may be stored

in the vector without additional memory being allocated.
(This is not the same value as returned by the size member
function).
Example:
x = vect.capacity();
The statement above assigns the capacity of vect to x.
110

Functions
clear()
Clears a vector of all its elements.

Example:
vect.clear();
The statement above removes all the elements from vect.
empty()
Returns true if the vector is empty. Otherwise, it returns false.

Example:
if (vect.empty())
cout << "The vector is empty.";
The statement above displays the message if vect is empty.
pop_back()
Removes the last element from the vector.

Example:
vect.pop_back();
The statement above removes the last element of vect, thus
reducing its size by 1.
111

Functions
push_back(value)
Stores a value in the last element of the vector. If the vector is

full or empty, a new element is created.
Example:
vect.push_back(7);
The statement above stores 7 in the last element of vect.
reverse()
Reverses the order of the elements in the vector (the last

element becomes the first element, and the first element
becomes the last element.)
Example:
vect.reverse();
The statement above reverses the order of the element in
vect.
resize(elements,
value)
Resizes a vector by elements elements. Each of the new

elements is initialized with the value in value.
Example:
vect.resize(5, 1);
The statement above increases the size of vect by 5
elements. The 5 new elements are initialized to the value 1.
112

Functions
swap(vector2)
Swaps the contents of the vector with the contents of vector2.

Example:
vect1.swap(vect2);
The statement above swaps the contents of vect1 and
vect2.
113

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Arrays

Int array [4][4];

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Int A [4][4] = {{1,2,3,4},{1,2,3,4},{1,2,3,4},

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

7.1 Arrays Hold Multiple values

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Enough memory for 1 int

Enough memory for 1

Enough memory for 1 char

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

7.2 Accessing Array elements

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program Output with Example

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program Output with Example

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program Output with Example

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

7.3 No Bounds Checking in C++

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

// An array of 3 short integers.

cout << "I will store 5 numbers in a 3 element array!\n";

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

7.4 Array Initialization

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Partial Array Initialization

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Implicit Array Sizing

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Initializing With Strings

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

7.5 Processing Array Contents

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program Output with Example

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition

Program Output with Example