SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Construction

Low speed, large hydrogenerators may have more

than one hundred poles.

These generators are

frequently mounted vertically.

The picture shows a large,

horizontally arranged
machine.

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Round Rotor Machine

The stator is a ring

shaped laminated ironcore with slots.
Three phase windings
are placed in the slots.
Round solid iron rotor
with slots.
A single winding is
placed in the slots. Dc
current is supplied
through slip rings.

Concept (two poles)

A

Stator with
laminated iron-core

Slots with
winding

B
A

Rotor with dc
winding

B
+

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Salient Rotor Machine

The stator has a laminated ironcore with slots and three phase
windings placed in the slots.

The rotor has salient

excited by dc current.

DC current is supplied to the rotor

through slip-rings and brushes.

The number of
between 2 - 128.

poles

poles

varies

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Voltage generation
A wire loop is rotated in a
magnetic field.
N is the number of turns
in the loop
L is the length of the loop
D is the width of the loop
B is the magnetic flux
density
n is the number of turns
per seconds

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Voltage generation (Generator)

A wire loop is rotated in a
magnetic field.
The magnetic flux through the
loop changes by the position

B
D

t B D L cos t

2 n

1
cos t

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Voltage generation (Generator)

Position 1 all flux links with
the loop
Position 2 the flux linkage
reduced
The change of flux linkage
induces a voltage in the loop

V t N

1
cos t

d t
d cos t
N B DL
N B D L sin t
dt
dt

REACTANCE IN SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Operation concept

At no load condition, the

induced voltage is equal to the
terminal voltage.
When the generator is loaded,
the induced voltage drives a
current Ia through the load.
The load current produces a flux
ar that reduces the field flux.
The armature generated flux
has constant amplitude and
rotates synchronously with the
field flux.

Flux f

ns
B-

C+
N

A-

A+
S

C-

Armature
B+

flux ar

REACTANCE IN SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Operation concept

The armature flux induces a voltage

Es in the stator winding.
This voltage is subtracted vectorially
from the field induced voltage. The
terminal voltage is : Vt = Ef - Es .

Flux f

ns
B-

C+
N

A-

A+
S

The Es voltage can be represented

by an equivalent armature reactance
times the armature current.
Es = I a j X a

C-

Armature
B+

flux ar

REACTANCE IN SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Operation concept
The Es voltage can be represented by an equivalent armature
reactance times armature current, Ia.
The reactance is:
ar Na = Lar Ia

Lar = ar Na / Ia

Xar = Lar = ( ar Na / Ia.)

The armature produced voltage is:

Es = Ia j Xar.

REACTANCE IN SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Operation concept

The terminal voltage is:

V t = E f - E s = E f - I a j X ar

The equation permits the development of an equivalent circuit, that

consists of a voltage source Ef and a reactance Xar
series.

connected in

The stator winding has resistance and some leakage inductance that is
added to armature reactance.

The Xa r+ X leakage is called synchronous reactance X syn.

REACTANCE IN SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Operation concept.

V t = E f - I a j X syn

Equivalent circuit:

jXsy

Ef

Rs
I

Ef

Vt

Vt

I Rs

I Xsy

SINGLE OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Prime Mover

Eg

jXs

Resistive Load

Rs

Eg = Vt + Is.Rs + Is.jXs
Is.jXs

IF

Vt

Load

Is

Vt

Is.Rs

SINGLE OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Prime Mover

Eg

jXs

Inductive Load

Rs
Eg = Vt + Is.Rs + Is.jXs

IF

Vt

Load

Vt
Is

Is.Rs

Is.jXs

SINGLE OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Prime Mover

Eg

jXs

Capacitive Load

Eg = Vt + Is.Rs + Is.jXs

Rs

Is.jXs

Is
IF

Vt

Load

Is.Rs

Vt

SINGLE OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Prime Mover

Eg

IF

jXsy

There are two actions we can apply

to the generator:
1. Setting the excitation current
2. Setting the prime mover speed
What is the effect if we set the IF ?
What is the effect if we set the n ?

Rs

Vt

Load

SINGLE OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Prime Mover

Eg

IF

jXsy

Rs

Vt

Load

VOLTAGE REGULATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

In single running operation there is a decreasing in terminal voltage

when generator is loaded.
The percentage of decreasing is called as Voltage Regulation.
jXsy

Ef

Rs

jXsy

Ef

Vt

Rs
I

Vt

Load

Vt (no load) - Vt (rated)

Regulation =

X 100%
Vt (rated)

DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT-CIRCUIT PARAMETERS

Results:
1. Field current at nominal output voltage, I OC
2. Terminal voltage, VOC

DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT-CIRCUIT PARAMETERS

Results:
1. Field current at OCC, ISC
2. Line current ISC while field current IOC is reached

DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT-CIRCUIT PARAMETERS

Per-phase synchronous reactance can be calculated :

Xs = VOC / ISC
jXsy

Eg

Rs

Vt

Rs is provided by DC resistance test

PARALEL OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Assumption
Paralel operation is held between generator and INFINITE BUS
Eg

jXsy

Rs

Eg

jXsy

Rs

Vt

Infinite Bus

The Aims of paralel operation:

1. Increasing capacity of generation
2. Increasing of reliability
3. Increasing of Continuity

PARALEL OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Prime Mover

Eg

IF

jXsy

There are two actions we can apply

to the generator:
1. Setting the excitation current
2. Setting the prime mover speed
Rs

Vt

Infinite
Bus

What is the effect if we set the IF ?

What is the effect if we set the n ?

PARALEL OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Prime Mover

Eg

IF

jXsy

Rs

Vt

Infinite
Bus

HOW PARALEL OPERATION IS ESTABLISHED

The requirements for paralelling:

1. The voltages must be the same
2. The phase sequence for three phase must be the same
3. The incoming machine must be in phase at the moment of paraleling
4. The line frequency must be identical

HOW PARALEL OPERATION IS ESTABLISHED

Wiring for paralelling system

HOW PARALEL OPERATION IS ESTABLISHED

System same in frequency, but different voltage

HOW PARALEL OPERATION IS ESTABLISHED

System same in voltage, but different frequency

HOW PARALEL OPERATION IS ESTABLISHED

System in same frequency and voltage, but different in phase

HOW PARALEL OPERATION IS ESTABLISHED

System ready for interconnected

METHODS OF PARALELLING
Dark Lamp Phase Indication

rotating in CCW

W
U
R

Voltage
U-R

METHODS OF PARALELLING
Bright Lamp Phase Indication

rotating in CCW

W
U
R
Lamp
Voltage
S

METHODS OF PARALELLING
Bright-Dark Lamp Phase Indication
(2 bright 1 dark)

rotating in CCW

W
U
R

METHODS OF PARALELLING
Synchronoscope

Synchronoscope checks the

relationships on only one phase.
Slow
V
V
V

Fast
V
V
V

R
S
T

Sycnhronoscope

R
S

It gives no information about phase

sequence.

0 (top position) means in phase and

the two systems are ready for
connected

POWER IN SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Remember the phasor diagram of synchronous generator
E

I A jX

E A .sin
=
X s .I A .cos

IA R

Pout 3.V I A cos

Qout 3.V I A sin

IA

If stator resistance is
ignored,

Qout 3.VT I A sin

In per-phase quantity:

Pout 3.VT I A cos

I A . cos

E A . sin
Xs

3.V . E A
Xs

sin

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Power angle Characteristics

The P() curve shows that the increase
of power increases the angle between
the induced voltage and the terminal
voltage.

Round Rotor Machine

Pmax
100

The power is maximum when = 90o

80

The further increase of input power

60

forces the generator out of synchronism.

This

generates

large

current

and

mechanical forces.

This angle corresponds to the angle

between the field flux and the stator
generated rotating flux.

P( )

40
20
0

30

60

90

120

150

180

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Energy Flow in Synchronous Generator

Pinput

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Basic Principles of Motor Operation
Rotating Flux S
B-

C+

Rotor Flux
f

A-

A+
S

C-

B+

When stator winding is supplied by

three phase voltage source, it
produces rotating magnetic field S
Rotor winding which supplied by
external DC source produces
magnetic field f
f tends to line up with S therefore
the rotor bar will rotate with as fast
as rotating field rotates.

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Motor
A synchronous Motor is the same in all respects as Synchronous
Generator, but the direction of Power flow is reversed.
jXsy

EM

VT = EA + jXSIA + IARS

Rs
IA

Vt

EA =VT - jXSIA - IARS

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Phasor Diagram for Synchronous Motor
(See that VT always lead EM)

EA =VT - jXSIA - IARS

+I
+I
+I

V
IA

jX

IA

+I

-I A jX

-I A jX
S

-I A R

jX

Lagging operation of Synch.

Motor

-I A R

Leading operation of Synch.

Motor

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Torque Vs Speed Characteristic
rated
Torque which can be generated by machine
according to its electrical rating

ind
pullout

pullout
Maximum Torque that motor can supply
occurs when reach 90

rated
n
n

syn

ind

3.VT . EM . sin
m . X S

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Mechanical load changes
A 208 V 45 kVA 0.8 p.f leading Delta connected synchronous machine has
synchronous reactance 2.5 an negligible armature resistance.Its friction and
windage losses are 1.5 kW, and its core losses are 1.0 kW. Initially, the shaft is
supplying a 15-hp load, and the motors poer factor is 0.8 leading.

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Phasor diagram after load is increased from 15 to 30 hp.

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Field Current Change
The shaft is supplying a 15-hp load, and the motors power factor is 0.85
lagging. When excitation is increased to 25 %, motor power factor become
0.975 leading.

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

IA

Mech. Load

jXsy

EM

IA
IF

Rs

Vt

Infinite
Bus
IF

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Over Excited Sync. Motor

Under Excited Sync. Motor

E A .cos

< V

IA
T

E A .cos

> V

IA
E

I A jX
A

IA R

I A jX

IA R

Sync. Motor consume

reactive power Q

Sync. Motor supply

reactive power Q

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

How to start a Synchronous Motor ? Just Press the button ?

Mech. Load

jXsy

EM

IF

Rs

Vt

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Synchronous Motor Starting Method :

Reduce the speed of stator magnetic field

Mech. Load

jXsy

EM

IF

Rs

Vt

with variable frequency

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Synchronous Motor Starting Method :

Starting motor with externalPrime Mover
M

Synchronizing proccess

Mech. Load

jXsy

EM

IF

Rs
Vt

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Synchronous Motor Starting Method :

Motor strating by Using Damper winding

Mech. Load

jXsy

EM

IF

Rs
Vt