PIPES

&
PLUMBING
FITTINGS

Kinds of Pipes:

Cast Iron Soil Pipe

Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
Asbestos Pipe
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
Vitrified Clay Pipe
Lead Pipe
Galvanized Steel Pipe
Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
Brass Pipe
Copper Pipe
Plastic & Synthetic Pipe
Stainless Pipe

Cast Iron Pipe the most popular and

generally specified material for drainage
system in buildings. It is durable,
conveniently installed and answer the to
the most plumbing needs of all types of
buildings less than 25 storey high.

Cast Iron Pipes comes in Four VarietiesStandard Pipe

Single Hub Pipe
Double Hub Pipe
Hubless Pipe

Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe is made

from alloy of cast iron and silicon. It is
widely used in chemical laboratories,
industries and other installations where
acid wastes are being discharge.
Basically, this type of pipe is brittle in
character and requires stronger support
for each pipe installed horizontally to
prevent sagging of joints.

Asbestos Pipe is made of asbestos

fibers and portland cement. The
thickness of the pipe is twice as that of
the standard cast iron pipe. Asbestos pipe
could be used as soil, waste, ventilation
and downspout. This kind of pipe is
remarkably superior for embedment in
concrete structure for having the same
material properties.

Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe is the

cheapest among the sewer pipes. It is
sometimes recommended for house
sewer and for septic tank installation.
This type of pipe is light in weight,
slightly flexible which could take slight
soil movement without danger of
cracking or pulling out from its joint.
However, excessive hot water or
chemical flow may soften or damage the
pipe.

Vitrified Clay Pipe is one of the oldest

materials used for sewer lines. It is made out
from clay, cast into length of 75 centimeters
treated with glazing compound. The pipe is
heated in a large kiln under a temperature of
1370 degrees Celsius, making it impervious
to moisture. Clay pipe is highly resistant to
most acid wastes. It is a durable material for
underground installations like public sewer,
house sewer or storm drain. Being made of
clay, its physical property is brittle.

Lead Pipe is also one of the oldest

plumbing materials used by the
Egyptians, the Greeks and the Roman
builders as soil and waste pipe. Pipe is
highly resistant to acid and is suitable for
underground installation. But because
lead is poisonous and injurious to human
health, it is never used to convey water
for human consumption.

Galvanized Steel Pipe - is made from

mild steel, drawn through a die and
welded, cast into 6.00 meters long. This
type of pipe is corroded by alkaline and
acid water. The carbonic acid in water,
attack the zinc coating and ultimately the
steel itself. It is subjet to deposits of salt
and lime that gradually accumulate and
finally choke the flow of water.
Galvanized steel pipe deteriorate faster
when used as hot water supply line.

Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe is better in

quality than the steel pipe for plumbing
installation. Tests showed that wrought iron
pipe is more resistant to acid waste than the
steel pipe.
Brass Pipe is one of the most expensive types
of pipe. This pipe is made of any alloy or zinc
and copper mixed at 15% and 85% proportion
respectively. Because of its smooth interior
surface and high resistance to acid, brass pipe
become superior for waste and water supply
installations. Brass pipe fittings are of the
recessed type similar in design with galvanized
steel pipe.

Copper Pipe is a durable and extremely

corrosive resistant material. It is easy to
install with other types of pipe. Copper
pipe is classified into three types
depending upon its wall thickness.

Plastic and Synthetic Pipes is a new

concept in the field of plumbing. It was
introduced in the Philippines at the early
part of 70s, although this type of
materials was developed in Germany in
the mid year of 1935.
- plastic pipe has gained widespread
acceptance after it has many ways
proven itself to be superior as sewer and
cold water pipe line.

Types of Plastic Synthetic Pipes

a. Rigid Type
b. Flexible Type
Rigid Type of Plastic Pipes:
1. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
2. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
3. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)
4. Acrylonitrile Butabiene Styrene (ABS)
5. Polypropylene (PP)
6. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)

Piping & Fittings

Piping is often used to describe highperformance in conveyance of
fluids in
specialized applications.
Example:
* High Pressure
* High Flow
* High Temperature
* Hazardous Materials

Flexible Types:
1. Polyethylene (PE)
2. Polybutylene (PB)


1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

Advantages of Plastic Pipe:

Plastic pipe is more resistant to rust and corrosion
Water conveyed by plastic pipe has no pipe tastes
The extreme smooth interior surface prevents the
buildup of scale, rust and foreign material that
often impedes through metallic pipes.
There is no turbulence of water and therefore, has
a minimum resistance to flow
PVC Pipe and fittings weighs about 1/5 of the
metal pipe. And can be easily installed through
solvent cementing

6. Plastic pipes are cast in longer length and easy

to cut as well as to install.
7. The Polyethylene (PE) pipe is flexible material
that weight about 1/8 as much as the metal pipe.
8. PVC pipe can be connected to existing metal
pipe using a threaded adapter
9. PVC is virtually acid proof to any chemical used
in recommended strengths around the home
10. No special tools are needed for installing PVC
except a rule to measure and saw to cut
11. The best reason at all: You can do it yourself

Fittings is used in pipe systems to

connect
straight pipe or tubing
sections, to
adopt to different sizes
and shapes,
and for other purposes,
such as
regulating or measuring
fluid flow.

Types of Fitting
Connections:

Threaded brass, galvanized, stainless

steel
and other non copper
fittings are
often threaded, and
the stanard
used if often is the
National Pipe
Thread (NPT)
- is fairly self-explanatory, simply
twist the fitting onto your
pipe.
However youll need to
take care
not to unscrew the other
end of the
pipe.

Compression are one of the quickest and

easiest ways to join two lines.
These
connections are typically used on hard copper
pipe and
soft tubing that has 3/8 or
smaller outside diameter.
- though
regularly used instead
of
soldering,
compression
connections should only be
installed in stationary situations
with little
movement or impact
on the plumbing. If
such activity
is expected soldering is
recommended. Compression
fittings are
intended for one-time use only.

Flare connections are used when water

pressure is high, or for gas
distribution: applications with
higher
pressures than a compression
fitting
could handle. When used with
softer
copper, a special tool ( flaring
tool) is
used to flare the tubing,
modifying its
shape to facilitate a
tight seal with the
cone-shaped
flare piece.

Soldered Connection - To make asolder

connection, a chemicalfluxis applied to
the inner sleeve of a sleeve type joint,
and the pipe is inserted. The joint is
then heated using a propane gasor
MAPP gastorch, solder is applied to the
heated joint, and the melted solder is
drawn into the joint bycapillary action
as the flux vaporizes.

Flanged Connection - Flanges are generally used when

there is a connection to valves, in-line instruments
and/or connection to equipment nozzles is required.
Flange fittings generally involve pressing two surfaces
to be joined tightly together, by means of threaded
bolts,wedges, clamps, or other means of applying high
compressiveforces.Often, agasket,packing, or an
O-ringis installed between the flanges to prevent
leakage, but it is sometimes possible to use only a
special grease, or nothing at all, if the mating surfaces
are precisely formed. Flanges are designed to the
following pressure ratings: 150lb, 300lb, 400lb,
600lb, 900lb,1500lb and 2500lb or 10 Bar, 15Bar,
25Bar, 40Bar, 64Bar, 100Bar and 150Bar.

Crimped or Pressed Fittings - Crimped or

pressed connections use special fittings
which are permanently attached to
tubing with a powered crimper. The
special fittings, manufactured with
sealant already inside, slide over the
tubing to be connected. High pressure is
used to deform the fitting and compress
the sealant against the inner tubing,
creating a leakproof seal.

Solvent Welding - A solvent is applied to PVC,

CPVC, ABS, or other plastic piping, to partially
dissolve and fuse the adjacent surfaces of piping
and fitting. Solvent welding is usually used with a
sleeve-type joint, to connect pipe and fittings made
of the same (or closely compatible) material.
Unlike regular welding of metals, solvent welding is
relatively easy to perform, although care is still
needed to produce reliable joints. Solvents typically
used for plastics are usuallytoxic, may be
carcinogenic,
and
may
also
beflammable,
requiring adequate ventilation.

Bard Connection - Barbed fittings are used to

connect flexible tubing (including garden
hoses) to metal or plastic piping. The barbed
end of the fitting is pushed into the hose, and
a clamp tightened around it to secure a seal.
Barbs are sized by the ID of the hose to be
connected. The other end typically utilizes an
IPS (MIPS or FIPS), GHT or slip connection.
These types of fittings are commonly used in
commercial beverage applications, such as
tap lines or soda fountains.

Fittings

Definition of Fittings
Afittingis used in pipe systems to
connect straightpipeortubingsections,
to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and
for other purposes, such as regulating or
measuringfluidflow.

Different Fittings

Elbow - An elbow is a pipe fitting installed

between two lengths of pipe or tubing to
allow a change of direction, usually a 90
or 45angle, though 22.5 elbows are
also made. The ends may be machined
forbutt welding,threaded(usually
female), orsocketed, etc. When the two
ends differ in size, the fitting is called
areducing elboworreducer elbow.

Elbows are categorized based on various design features as below:

Long Radius (LR) Elbows radius is 1.5 times the pipe diameter
Short Radius (SR) Elbows radius is 1.0 times the pipe diameter
90 Degree Elbow where change in direction required is 90
60 Degree Elbow where change in direction required is 60
45 Degree Elbow where change in direction required is 45
A 90 degree elbow is also called a "90 bend" or "90 ell". It is a fitting
which is bent in such a way to produce 90 degree change in the
direction of flow in the pipe. It is used to change the direction in
piping and is also sometimes called a "quarter bend". A 90 degree
elbow attaches readily to plastic, copper, cast iron, steel and lead. It
can also attach to rubber with stainless steel clamps. It is available
in many materials like silicone, rubber compounds, galvanized steel,
etc. The main application of an elbow (90 degree) is to connect
hoses to valves, water pressure pumps, and deck drains. These
elbows can be made from tough nylon material or NPT thread.

A 45 degree elbow is also called a "45 bend" or "45 ell". It is

commonly used in water supply facilities, food industrial pipeline
networks, chemical industrial pipeline networks, electronic industrial
pipeline networks, air conditioning facility pipeline, agriculture and
garden production transporting system, pipeline network for solar
energy facility, etc.
Most elbows are available in short radius or long radius variants. The
short radius elbows have a center-to-end distance equal to the
Nominal Pipe Size(NPS) in inches, while the long radius is 1.5 times
the NPS in inches. Short elbows are widely available, and are typically
used in pressurized systems.
Long elbows are typically used in low-pressure gravity-fed systems
and other applications where low turbulence and minimum deposition
of entrained solids are of concern. They are readily available in
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS plastic),polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
for DWV, sewage and central vacuums,chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
(CPVC) and copper for 1950s to 1960s houses with copper drains.

Coupling - connects two pipes to each

other. If
the size of the pipe is not the
same, the
fitting may be called
areducing
couplingorreducer,
or anadapter. By
convention, the
term "expander" is not
generally
used for a coupler that
increases
pipe size; instead the term
"reducer"
is used. There are two
different
types of couplings: slip and
regular
couplings

Union - A union is similar to a coupling, except it is

designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection
of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement. While
a coupling would require eithersolvent welding,
solderingor being able to rotate with all the pipes
adjacent as with athreadedcoupling, a union provides
a simple transition, allowing easy connection or
disconnection at any future time. A standard union
pipe is made in three parts consisting of a nut, a
female end, and a male end. When the female and
male ends are joined, the nut then provides the
necessary pressure to seal the joint. Since the mating
ends of the union are interchangeable, changing of a
valve or other device can be achieved with a minimum
loss of time. Pipe unions are essentially a type of
flange connector, as discussed further below.

- In addition to standard, simple unions, other types of

union exist:
Dielectric unionsare unions withdielectricinsulation,
used to separate dissimilar metals (such as copper and
galvanized steel) to avoid the damaging effects of
galvanic corrosion. When two dissimilar metals are in
contact with an electrically conductive solution (even
tap water is conductive), they will form a battery and
generate a voltage byelectrolysis. When the two metals
are in direct contact with each other, theelectric current
from one metal to the other will cause a movement of
ions from one to the other, dissolving one metal and
depositing it on the other. A dielectric union breaks the
electric current path with a plastic liner between two
halves of the union, thus limiting galvanic corrosion.
Rotary unionsare unions that allow forrotationof one
of the united parts.

Reducer - A reducer allows for a change

in
pipe size to meethydraulicflow
requirements of the system, or to
adapt to existing piping of a
different size. Reducers are
usually reducer
concentric
buteccentric are used
when
required to maintain the
same topor bottom-of-pipe
level.
Material ASTM A234
WPB

Tee - is the most common pipe fitting. It is available

with all female thread sockets, all solvent weld
sockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a
side outlet with female threads. It is used to either
combine or split a fluid flow. It is a type of pipe fitting
which is T-shaped having two outlets, at 90 to the
connection to the main line. It is a short piece of pipe
with a lateral outlet. A tee is used for connecting pipes
of different diameters or for changing the direction of
pipe runs. They are made of various materials and
available in various sizes and finishes. They are
extensively used in pipeline networks to transport
two-phase fluid mixtures. They are categorized as:

- Equal
Unequal
When the size of the branch is same as header
pipes, equal tee is used and when the branch size is
less than that of header size, reduced tee will be
used. Most common are tees with the same inlet and
outlet sizes. Some of the industrial tees are Straight
Tee, Reducing Tee, Double Branch Tee, Double
Branch Reducing Tee, Conical Tee, Double Branch
Conical Tee, Bullhead Tee, Conical Reducing Tee,
Double Branch Conical Reducing Tee, Tangential Tee,
and Double Branch Tangential Tee.

Cross - Cross fittings are also called 4-way fittings. If

a branch line passes completely through a tee, the
fitting becomes a cross. A cross has one inlet and
three outlets, or vice versa. They often have solvent
welded socket ends or female threaded ends.
Cross fittings can generate a huge amount of stress
on pipe as temperature changes, because they are at
the center of four connection points. A tee is more
steady than a cross, as a tee behaves like a threelegged stool, while a cross behaves like a four-legged
stool. (Geometrically, "any 3 non-collinear points
define a plane" thus 3 legs are inherently stable.)
Crosses are common infire sprinklersystems, where
stresses caused by thermal expansion are not
generally an issue, but not in plumbing, due to their
extra cost as compared to using two tees.

Cap - A type of pipe fitting, usually liquid

or gas tight, which covers the end of a
pipe. A cap is used like plug, except that
the pipe cap screws or attaches on the
male thread of a pipe. A cap may have a
solvent weld socket end or a female
threaded end and the other end closed
off. In plumbing systems that use
threads, the cap has female threads.
Industrial caps can be round, square,
rectangular, U-shaped, I-shaped and may
have a round hand grip or a flat hand
grip.

Plug - A type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or

gas tight, which covers the end of a pipe. A
cap is used like plug, except that the pipe cap
screws or attaches on the male thread of a
pipe. A cap may have a solvent weld socket
end or a female threaded end and the other
end closed off. In plumbing systems that use
threads, the cap has female threads.
Industrial caps can be round, square,
rectangular, U-shaped, I-shaped and may
have a round hand grip or a flat hand grip.

Nipple - A short stub of pipe, usually

threadedsteel, brass, chlorinated
polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) or copper;
occasionally just bare copper. A nipple is
defined as being a short stub of pipe
which has external male pipe threads at
each end, for connecting two other
fittings. Nipples are commonly used for
plumbing and hoses, and second as
valves for funnels and pipes

Barb - A "barb" or "hose barb" fitting is used to

connect flexible hose or tubing to pipes. A barb
fitting typically has a male-threaded end used
to mate with female threads. The other end of
the fitting has either a single- or multiplebarbed tube having a tapered stub with ridges,
which is inserted into a flexible hose to secure
it. An adjustable worm drive screw clamp or
other type of clamp is often added, to help to
keep the hose from slipping off the barbed
tube. Barb fittings can be made of brass for hot
water applications, while plastic may be used
for cold water; brass is considered more robust
and durable for heavy-duty use. The barb
fitting can be either elbow-shaped or straight.

Wye - A fitting with three openings, a wye

is used to join or create branch lines. It is
a type of waste fitting tee which has the
side inlet pipe entering at a 45 angle, or
an angle other than 90 degrees. A
standard wye is a "Y" shaped fitting
which allows one pipe to be joined to
another at a 45 degree angle.

Valve - Valves are equipment designed to stop or

regulate flow of any fluid (liquid, gas, condensate, stem,
slurry, etc.) in its path. Valves are categorized depending
on their applications like isolation, throttling, and nonreturn. Various type of valves are available depending
upon the type of construction as follows:
Gate valve used for isolation only
Plug valve used for isolation only
Globe valve used for throttling
Butterfly valve used for isolation as well as throttling
Check valve used for preventing reverse flow (nonreturn)
Diaphragm valve used for isolation as well as throttling
Ball valve used for isolation only
Needle Valve used to control flow rate to a desired
amount