Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Spring, 2003
EE 4272
Chapter 1: Introduction
1) Data Communications: Deals with the transmission of signals in a
reliable & efficient manner.
Topics: Signal Transmission; Transmission Media; Signal Encoding;
Interfacing; Data Link Control; Multiplexing
Spring, 2003
EE 4272
Spring, 2003
EE 4272
A Communications Model
Source
- Generates data to be transmitted. E.g., Phone, computer
Transmitter
- Converts data into transmittable signals. E.g., encode bit
stream into electromagnetic signals.
Transmission System
- Carries data. E.g., transmission line, or a complex network
Receiver
- Converts received signal into data readable to des. device.
Destination
- Takes incoming data
Spring, 2003
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EE 4272
Spring, 2003
EE 4272
Networking
Point-to-point communication not usually practical
- Devices are too far apart
- Large set of devices would need impractical number of
connections
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EE 4272
Protocols
Used for communications between entities in a
system
Entities: User applications; e-mail facilities; terminals
Systems: Computer; Terminal; Remote sensor
Must speak the same language
Key Elements of a Protocol:
- Syntax: Data formats; Signal levels
- Semantics: Control information; Error handling
- Timing: Speed matching; Sequencing
Spring, 2003
EE 4272
Protocol Architecture
Framework about how a set of protocols
work together to finish the communication
task between source and destination
Three Protocol Architectures:
- Three-Layer Model
- TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
- OSI Model
Spring, 2003
EE 4272
Spring, 2003
EE 4272
Spring, 2003
EE 4272
OSI Model
Open Systems Interconnection : A
framework for developing protocol standards.
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OSI Layers
Application: e.g. web browser, email, file transfer
Presentation: provides independence to the app. processes from
differences in data representation (syntax).
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OSI v TCP/IP
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Standards
Required to allow for interoperability between
equipments
Advantages
Ensures a large market for equipment and software
Allows products from different vendors to
communicate
Disadvantages
Freeze technology
May be multiple standards for the same thing
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EE 4272
Standards Organizations
Internet Society
ISO
ITU-T (formally CCITT)
ATM forum
IETF
Further Reading Resource
Web sites for IETF, IEEE, ITU-T, ISO
Internet Requests for Comment (RFCs)
Spring, 2003
EE 4272