Viscosity

Viscosity is a property
that represents the
internal resistance of a
fluid to motion.
The force a flowing
fluid exerts on a body
in the flow direction is
called the drag force,
and the magnitude of
this force depends, in
part, on viscosity.
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Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the fluidity of the
liquid or the gas.
If the force-flow relation is linear ,the fluid
is Newtonian.
Many fluid under go continuous
deformation with application of shearing
stress. when the deformation occurs ,the
fluid oppose this with a frictional
resistance. This is consistency.
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Viscosity
Viscosity : The property of liquids under
flow conditions which causes them to resist
instantaneous change of shape or
instantaneous rearrangement of their parts
due to internal friction.
Viscosity depends on temperature:
- Viscosity of paraffinic crude increases
rapidly with decreasing temperature.
- Viscosity of naphthenic crude increases
gradually with decreasing temperature.

Viscosity
Consistency of the Newtonian fluids is
called viscosity.

viscosity
The dynamic or absolute viscosity is
obtained as

S

dv
dz
S-shear stress, dv/dz is velocity gradient.
Unit is N-sec/m2

Viscosity

Kinematic viscosity
It is the ratio of absolute viscosity to density
of the fluid.
in cm2/sec ,or stokes

Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids

Rheology: Study of the deformation and flow
characteristics of fluids
Two types of fluids: Newtonian and NonNewtonian:

F/A

u / y du
du

dy

dy Shear Rate or Velocity Gradient

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Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids

Bingham
Pseudoplastic
Newtonian

Shear
Stress

Dilatant

Velocity Gradient
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Newtonian Fluids

Water
Oil
Gasoline
Alcohol
Kerosene
Benzene
Glycerine
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Non-Newtonian Fluids
Time-independent Fluids
Pseudoplastic (Blood Plasma, syrups, inks)
Dilatant (Starch in water)
Bingham (catsup, mustard, toothpaste)

Time-dependent Fluids
Electrorheological (behavior changes due to
electric field, particles are present)
Magnetorheological (iron powders in fluid)
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Viscosity
A few examples:

Water = 1.002cP
Ethyl Alcohol = 0.248cP
Mercury = 17cP
Pitch = 1e10cP

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Viscosity
Measured as the number of seconds, at a definite
temperature, required for a standard quantity of oil to flow
through a standard apparatus.
Common viscosity scales: Saybolt Universal, Saybolt Furol,
poises, and kinematic Stokes or centiStokes (cSt).
Saybolt Universal viscosity : measuring of time (s) required
for the 60 cc of oil in a container tube to flow through a
calibrated orifice in the bottom of the tube ( controlled temp.

and as prescribed by ASTM D 88)

Saybolt Furol: Like Saybolt Unversal, But a larger orifice is
used.
The viscosity of lubricants is usually reported as Saybolt
Universal seconds (SUS) at 100, 130, or 210F, and of fuel oils
as Saybolt Furol seconds (SFS) at 122 or 210 F.
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Viscosity

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Viscosity Measurement
Saybolt Universal Viscometer
Ease of fluid flow
through orifice is an
indication of viscosity
Measurement is not
based on definition of
viscosity
Results are relative, so
a standard sample is
used for calibration
Fast and easy
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Saybolt Viscosity
Saybolt Equations:
(cS) = 0.226t - 195/t, t< 100 SUS
(cS) = 0.220t 135/t, t> 100 SUS
t, amount of time (seconds, SUS, Saybolt
Universal Seconds) it takes for 60 cm3 to flow
through orifice (Saybolt viscometer)

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Approximate Viscosities of Common Materials

(At Room Temperature: 70F)
Material

Viscosity in Centipoise

Water

1 cps

Milk

3 cps

SAE 10 Motor Oil

85-140 cps

SAE 20 Motor Oil

140-420 cps

SAE 30 Motor Oil

420-650 cps

SAE 40 Motor Oil

650-900 cps

Castrol Oil

1,000 cps

Karo Syrup

5,000 cps

Honey

10,000 cps

Chocolate

25,000 cps

Ketchup

50,000 cps

Mustard

70,000 cps

Sour Cream

100,000 cps

Peanut Butter

250,000 cps

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http://www.liquidcontrol.com/etoolbox/viscosity.aspx

Viscosity Chart
Temp. F

http://www.klassenhydraulics.com/Reference/viscositychart.htm

Temp. C

Force

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Applications
Molecular weight measurement
Study of molecular shapes of natural and
synthetic polymers.
Viscosity is a direct measurement of fluid
characteristics and behavior when in
motion.
Indirect indication of concentration ,
specific gravity, color, size,shape and
distribution of solids in a slurry.
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Consistency meter

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Consistency meter

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Consistency meter

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