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CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Introduction
The circulatory system is
comprised of the heart, veins,
capillaries, arteries, lymph
vessels, and lymph glands,
which work together to supply
the body tissues with
nourishment and collect
waste materials.
Functions of the
cardiovascular system:
Distribute nutrients
(glucose) to cells
Transport of oxygen to cells
Transport of CO2 away from
cells
Distribute secretions of
endocrine glands
Functions of the
cardiovascular system:
Movement of immune
system components
(cells,
antibodies)
Prevent excessive
bleeding
Prevent infection, and
Regulate body
temperature.
Anatomy and
Physiology of the Blood
Blood is an important
component of the
cardiovascular system.
Anatomically and functionally,
blood is a connective tissue.
Components of Blood
Component
s of Blood
Components of Blood
Blood separates into two main
parts: plasma and formed
elements.
55% plasma
45% cells
99% RBCs
< 1% WBCs
and platelets
Blood Plasma
Plasma, which makes up 50
65% of the total volume of blood,
is a straw-colored liquid
containing water (90%) and
solids (10%).
The solids in plasma include
inorganic salts and organic
substances such as antibodies,
hormones, vitamins, enzymes,
Blood Plasma
Blood Plasma
0ver 90% water
7% plasma proteins
created in liver
confined to bloodstream
albumin
maintain blood osmotic pressure
globulins (immunoglobulins)
antibodies bind to foreign
substances called antigens
form antigen-antibody complexes
fibrinogen
for clotting
2% other substances
electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, waste
products
Formed Elements
The non-plasma, or cellular,
portion of blood is composed of
red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets.
From left to
right: Red
blood cell
(erythrocyte);
Platelet
(thrombocyte);
White blood
cell
agranular leukocytes
lymphocytes = T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells
monocytes
19-13
Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS
increased surface
area/volume ratio
flexible shape for narrow
passages
no nucleus or other
Haemoglobin
Hemoconcentration is a
condition in which there is an
above normal level of red blood
cells.
Hemoconcentration is normally
caused by dehydration (loss of
body fluid), which can be the
result of vomiting, diarrhea, or
any chronic disease
characterized by high body
Hematocrit
Percentage of blood occupied by
RBCs
Female normal range
38 - 46% (average
42%)
Male normal range
40 - 54% (average
46%)
Techniques of Blood
Sampling
Venipuncture
from vein with hypodermic needle &
syringe - median cubital vein
Why not stick an artery?
surface
Blood Doping
Injecting previously stored
RBCs before an athletic event
more cells available to deliver oxygen to
tissues
Dangerous
increases blood viscosity
forces heart to work harder
Banned by Olympic committee
Blood platelets
Blood platelets, or
thrombocytes, are ovalshaped discs that are formed in
the bone marrow.
Blood platelets help prevent
blood loss from injuries to blood
vessels by forming clots (white
Granulocytes
Contain granules within the
cytoplasm. They contain enzymes
and proteins that defend the body
against microbes
Granulocytes
include:
Neutrophils,
Eosinophils, and
Basophils.
Neutrophils dissolve
dead tissue resulting
in a semi-liquid
material called pus.
Courtesy of Wikipedia.
Eosinophils - a type of
granulocyte that plays a role in
combating infection by
parasites, as well as, impacting
allergies and asthma.
They contain most
of the histamine
protein in the blood,
which is an
indication of allergic
Agranulocytes
Leukocytes that contain very
little, if any, granules. They are
produced by the lymph nodes,
spleen, thymus, and other
lymphoid tissue.
Two types of agranulocytes:
Lymphocytes, and
Lymphocytes agranulocytes
that produce and release
antibodies at site of infections
to fight disease.
Lymphocytes also
produce antibodies
that allow an animal
to build up immunities
to a particular disease.
Macrophage engulfing
bacteria
Monocytes
can
differentiate
into
macrophage
s that
phagocytize
microbes and
stimulate
other cells to
Coagulation
Blood clotting is called
coagulation and is important
in reducing blood loss caused
by injury and in healing the
injury.
BLOOD TYPES
Blood types are classified based
on certain antigens and
antibodies found in blood.
In humans there are a total of 29
blood group systems based on
antigens on the surface of the red
blood cells, but the ABO and
Rhesus factor are the commonly
used groups to determine blood type.
Blood group A
Blood group AB
and
B
antigens
on
the
surface
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm
Blood Transfusions
A blood transfusion is a
procedure in which blood is
given to a patient through an
intravenous (IV) line in one of
the blood vessels.
Done
to replace blood lost during
surgery
or a serious injury.
if a persons body can't make
Blood Transfusions
Who can
blood?
give
you
Universa
l Donor
Universa
l
AUTOSOMAL
CHROMOSOME
A
Sara
B
Mustaf
a
AA
AB
AO
AB
BB
BO
AO
BO
OO
Antigen
s on
RBCs
A
B
AB
O
A
B
A and B
Neither
Antibodies in
Serum
Anti-B
Anti-A
Neither
Anti-A and anti-B
Genotype
s
AA orAO
BB orBO
AB
OO
ANS.
The red blood cells from the donated
blood will clump or agglutinate.
The agglutinated red cells can clog
blood vessels and stop the
circulation of the
blood to various
parts of the body.
The agglutinated red blood cells also
crack and its contents leak out in the
body.
The red blood cells contain
Safe Blood
Transfusion
Why is an Rh incompatibility so
dangerous when ABO incompatibility
is not during pregnancy?
Most anti-A or anti-B antibodies are of the IgM class
(large molecules) and these do not cross the placenta.
In fact, an Rh/type O mother carrying an Rh+/type
A, B, or AB foetus is resistant to sensitisation to the
Rh antigen.
Her anti-A and anti-B antibodies destroy any foetal
cells that enter her blood before they can elicit anti-Rh
antibodies in her.
Laboratory
Determination of the ABO
System
http://www.bh.rmit.edu.au/mls/subjects/abo/resources/genetics1.htm
Blood
Group
AB
Antigens
Antibodies
Can give
blood to
Can
receive
blood from
Blood
Group
Antigens
Antibodies
Can give
blood to
Can
receive
blood from
AB
A and B
None
AB
AB, A, B, O
A and AB
A and O
B and AB
B and O
None
A and B
AB, A, B, O