WCDMA Wireless Principle

ZTE University

Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Spreading Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology
Modulation

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Multi-path characteristics of radio channel

Electromagnetic propagation:
--direct radiation reflection diffraction and scattering
Signal attenuation:
Path loss Loss of electromagnetic waves in large scope of the spread
reflects the trend of the received signal in the spreading
Slow fading Loss because of being blocked by the building and hill in
the propagation path
Fast fading Electromagnetic signals rapidly decline in a few dozens
wavelength ranges
Description of Fast fading distribution
Rayleigh distribution non line-of sight(NLOS) transmission
Rician distribution line-of sight(LOS) transmission

Multi-Path Effects

sending signal

strength

receiving signal
0

time

Characteristics of Radio Propagation

Interference

dithering
0

delay

Sending signal

Accepting signal

fading
0dB

2 3

Sending signal

Accepting signal

Sending signal

-25dB

Accepting signal

Sending signal

Accepting signal

Frequency
Frequencyoff-set
off-setcaused
causedby
bythe
themovement
movementof
ofmobile
mobile

that
thatis
isDoppler
Dopplereffect
effect

Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Spreading Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology
Modulation

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Spread Spectrum Principles

SHANON Formula

C
C == Blog
Blog22(1+S/N)
(1+S/N)

Where,
C is capacity of channel, b/s
B is signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average power for signal, W
N is average power for noise, W
It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum
communications.

Spread Spectrum Principles

MAT
HAM H
MER

Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth

MATH
HAMMER

30 KHz
1.25 MHz

Spread Spectrum Principles

Spreading

Despreadin
g

radio channel
Noise

Transmitter

Receiver

User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by

multiplying high speed spread code(chip)
Spread signal bandwidth W wider than original signal
bandwidth Rb
For WCDMA, W=3.84Mchip/s Rb(voice)=12kbit/s

Spread Spectrum Principles

Sf

Sf
signal

signal
f0

f0

Before spreading

After spreading

Sf

Sf

White noise

signal
White noise

signal
f0

Before despreading

signal

interference

f0

After despreading

White noise

Spreading Mode

Direct sequence spread spectrum DS-SS

Base band data is spread by multiplication of pseudo-noise

sequence and base-band pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence
generated by the pseudo-noise generator
BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-far effect
Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it is limited by
power detection accuracy
WCDMA uses DS-SS

Frequency hopping spread spectrum FH-SS

Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrier frequency

hopping
Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditional narrowband
modulation
No near-far effect

DS-SS communication system

A technology of transmission after spreading

signal spectrum.
Wideband
Signal

Slow
Information
Sent

Slow
Information
Recovered

TX

Fast
Spreading
Sequence

RX

Fast
Spreading
Sequence

Spread Spectrum Principles

Many code channels are individually

spread and then added together to
create a composite signal

Spread Spectrum Principles

Any Code Channel can be extracted from the received

composite signal by using the right orthogonal code
Energy for transmitting signal can be lower than
interference and noise

Processing Gain
Broadband
Interference
Unwanted Power from
Other Resoures

Concept of orthogonal code

Code1

+1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1

Code1

+1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1

Code2

-1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1

Code2

+1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1

Mul

-1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1

Mul

+1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1

Sum

0
Orthogonal

Sum

-2
Non-orthogonal

Orthogonal
the result of multiplying
and sum is 0

Example of orthogonal code

-1 1

MUL

-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1

1 -1 1 -1

Integral

MUL

-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1

1 -1 1 -1

-4

Judge

-1

Direct spread technique

S1xC1

S1

Spreading

W
S2

S
N

S2XC2

[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC
1
=S1

Air Interface

(S1xC1)+(S2xC2)

Despreading
[S1xC1+S2xC2]x
C2
=S2

C1xC2=0,
C1,C2,orthogonal

Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading

Symbol

Data=010010

1
-1
Chip

Spreading code =
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
( SF = 8 )

Spreading

1
-1

Spread signal
= Data code

Spreading code

1
-1

Despreadin
g

1
-1
1
-1

Data =
Spread signal
Spreading code

Characteristics of Spreading Communication

High anti-multi-path- interference capability

Anti-sudden-pulse
High security
Lower transmitting power
Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access
Communication
Occupy band wide
Complex realization

Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Spreading Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology
Modulation

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Purpose of Channel Coding

By adding redundant information in the original

data stream, receivers can detect and correct the
error signal, and improve data transmission rates.

No correct coding: BER<10 ~ 10

-1

-2

Convolutional coding BER<10-3

Turbo coding

BER<10-6

Can not satisfy

the communication
Can satisfy the
speech communication
Can satisfy the
data communication

Principle of Channel Coding

Channel coding

Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the

original data
Convolutional coding and Turbo coding 1/2 1/3 are
widely applied.
Increase noneffective load and transmission time
Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors

WCDMA

W W C C D D M M AA

W ? C C D D M M AA

TURBO

T T UURRBBOO

T T

S P E A K Encoding S S P P E E A A K K
Decoding

? URRBBOO

S S PPE E A? K K

Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Spreading Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology
Modulation

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Principle of Interleave Technology

advantage
Interleave is to change the sequence of data to random the
unexpected errors
Advance the correcting validity
disadvantage
Increase the processing delay
Especially, Several independent random errors may intertwined for
the unexpected error .
e.g.

Data input
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25)

x1

x6

x11 x16 x21

x2

x7

x22

Data output

x3

x8

x23

A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)

x4

x9

x24

x5

x10

x25

Encoding and Interleaving

WCDMA
TURBO

Encoding

SPEAK

W W C C D D M M AA
T T UURRBBOO

WTSWTS
Interleaving

S S PPE EAAK K

CUPCUP
DREDRE
M BAMBA

Encoding + Interleaving can correct both

continuous and non-continuous errors

Decoding

W??CDDMMA?
T ? ?UR??BOO
S ? ?P?EAAKK

AOKAOK

WTS???
Deinterleaving

? ? ?CUP
DR?D?E
M ?AM BA
AOK?OK

Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Radio Propagation Characteristics

Spreading Technology
Channel Coding
Interleave Technology
Modulation

WCDMA Radio mechanism

Principle of Modulation

Definition

Modulation is the process where the amplitude,

frequency, or phase of an electronic or optical signal
carrier is changed in order to transmit information.
Using symbol stand for one or more bits to improve
communication effectiveness
bit

Classification

Analog Modulation
Digital Modulation

Modulation

Symbol

Analog Modulation

The purpose of analog modulation is to impress

an information-bearing analog waveform onto a
carrier for transmission.

Common analog modulation methods include:

Amplitude modulation (AM)

Frequency modulation (FM)
Phase modulation (PM)

Digital Modulation

The purpose of digital modulation is to convert an

information-bearing discrete-time symbol
sequence into a continuous-time waveform
(perhaps impressed on a carrier).

Basic analog modulation methods include

Amplitude shift Keying (ASK)

Frequency shift Keying (FSK)
Phase shift Keying (PSK)

Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

WCDMA Radio mechanism

WCDMA Data transmission Procedure

Channel Coding of WCDMA
Spreading Technology of WCDMA
Modulation of WCDMA

WCDMA Data transmission Procedure

UE Data

Encoding &
Interleaving

Baseband
modulation

Spreading

Modulation

RF Transmitting

Despreading

Baseband
demodulation

Demodulation

RF Receiving

Decoding &
Deinteleaving

UE Data

Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

WCDMA Radio mechanism

WCDMA Data transmission Procedure

Channel Coding of WCDMA
Spreading Technology of WCDMA
Modulation of WCDMA

Convolutional Code

Characteristics

Mainly used in the voice channel and control signal

channel
Coding rate : 1/2 & 1/3
Channel bit error rate is 10-3 magnitude
Easy decoding
Short delay
Suitable for realtime service

e.g. speech and video service.

Turbo Code

Characteristics

Used in Data service channel

Code Rate is 1/3
Channel bit error rate is 10-6 magnitude
Can be implemented in the transmission for large block
and long delay services
Complex decoding, needs cycle iterative calculation
Very suitable for non-realtime package service which is
BER sensitive & delay insensitive

e.g. WWW, FTP, E-mail , multimedia transmission .

Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

WCDMA Radio mechanism

WCDMA Data transmission Procedure

Channel Coding of WCDMA
Spreading Technology of WCDMA
Modulation of WCDMA

Spreading Process of WCDMA

Symbol

Chip

Data

Spread Data

3.84Mcps
3.84Mcps

OVSF Code

Scrambling
Code

Symbol rate SF = Chip rate=3.84Mcps

For WCDMA SF of uplink channelization code 4~256
SF of downlink channelization code: 4~512
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

Channelization Code

Adopt OVSF code

Definition: Cch,SF,k, describe channelization code, where

SF : spread factor k : code number, 0 < k<SF-1
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1, -1, - 1)
C ch,1,0 = (1)
C ch,4,2 = (1, - 1 ,1, - 1)
C ch,2,1 = (1,-1)
C ch,4,3 = (1, - 1, -1, 1)
SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

Scrambling Code

WCDMA Scrambling code is pseudo random

binary sequence (PN code)

It has similar noise array character, seemingly random

but with regularity.
Can make the user data further random , strengthened
by scrambling a code to keep secret the user data, at
the same time easy to carry out multiple access
communication.

WCDMA scrambling code is generated from Gold

sequence

Gold sequence has excellent self-correlation.

Cross-correlation is very week between two codes.
It is used to identify cell and user for multiple access.

Characteristic of Scrambling code

There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are

used to distinguish different users in one cell.
There are 218-1 Downlink Scrambling Codes,
used to distinguish different cells

Scrambling codes usually used are the first 8192 codes,

which are code 0 1 8191. They are divided
into 512 aggregations each aggregation has 1
primary scrambling code (PSC) and 15 secondary
scrambling codes (SSC).
The 512 primary scrambling codes are divided further
into 64 primary scrambling code groups , with 8 primary
scrambling codes in each group.

Numbering rule for Downlink Scrambling

Codes 2 -1 Downlink Scrambling Codes in all
18

(0..262142)

No.63 Primary Scrambling Code

Group

No. 511 Scrambling Code

Group
No.0 Primary Scrambling Code
Group

No. 7 Scrambling
Code
No.
Scrambling
Code
8176510
PSC
Group
Group

8177 SSC
No. 1
Scrambling
Code
504
Scrambling
Code
112
8176
PSC

8160No.
8160
Group
No. 0 Scrambling Code

8191 8161Group 113 8177

8191 8161
SSC
Group

16 16 PSC
8064
8064
81758065 127 8191
17
0 0 PSC
17 SSC
81758065

1 1 SSC

31
8079
31 SSC

8079
15
15 SSC
8176
8177

Code Functions

Channelization code ---- for separation of physical

channels in the uplink and separation of users in
the downlink

Scrambling code ---- for separation of

users/terminals in the uplink and cells/sectors in
the downlink.

Spreading code & scrambling code

cch1
cch 2

Air
Interface

cscrambling

cch 3

Cch spread code

Relative to service rate extended to 3.84Mchips/s

A kind of orthogonal code

Cscrambling scrambling code

Have no effect on signal bandwidth

downlink for identifier cell uplink identifier terminal

A pseudo-random sequence

Modulatio
n

Processing Gain
P

Processing
Gain

Processing Gain

Wc
Rb

Despreading
W

Rb

PG=Wc/Rb (Wc : Chip rate , Rb : Service bit rate)

Transmitter/receiver can obtain gain after

spread/despread
The narrower original signal bandwidth, the larger Pg ,
the better

The higher PG, the more anti-interference capability system has.

Question

Whats the Processing Gain for voice service in

WCDMA system?
Given: Voice data rate = 12.2kbps
PG=10lg(Wc/ Rb) , dB units

Wc: 3.84Mchip/s
Rb: 12.2kbps

So for voice service,

PG=10lg(3.84* 106 /12.2* 103)= 25 dB

Despreading procedure

Method of despreading

Input signal

Output after despreading

Ts
(*)dt
0

When T=Ts, judge

integral
Local PN code

Content

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

WCDMA Radio mechanism

WCDMA Data transmission Procedure

Channel Coding of WCDMA
Spreading Technology of WCDMA
Modulation of WCDMA

Modulation Methods in WCDMA

BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channles

QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels
16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA

summary

Principle of WCDMA

Channel coding

Convolutional code
Turbo code

Codes

All users are simultaneously transmitted in the same frequency band

Users interfere with each other
Adjacent cells use the same frequency
Cells, users (terminals), and physical channels are separated by codes

Channelization code
Scrambling code

Modulation

BPSK
QPSK
16QAM