Differential Protection

A differential relay is one that operates when the vector difference of two or more
similar electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined amount.

Most differential-relay applications are of the current-differential type. The

simplest example of such an arrangement

Differential Protection

Differential Relay Settings

Line Charging Current Calculations

Maximum charging current IC = (2 x 3.142 x fN x CB' x s x Un)/1.732

Where;
Ic = Maximum charging current throughout the length (A)
UN= Nominal line voltage in V
fN = Rated frequency (Hz)
s = Length of the line in km
CB= Per unit line length service capacitance of the line in F/km

Differential Relay Settings

Dynamic Tripping threshold (87L Idyn)

We have done settings as per manual, which says that the value for dynamic pickup
threshold should be set as per below

It should be set to atleast 0.2 of the rated current

It should be larger than 2.5 to 3 times the capacitive charging current.

Dynamic Tripping threshold for Closing (87L Idyn close )

We have done calculations such that

the value for 87L Idyn (close) should be greater than or equal to 87L Idyn>, but it
should equal at least 3 times the value of capacitive charging current.

Differential Relay Settings

Static Tripping threshold (87L Isteady >)

The static tripping threshold should be set to a value that is larger than the rated current plus at
least 3 times the value of capacitive charging current. That is:
Selected value (1.3 * In+3 * Ic)

Trip Time Delay (87L Time Delay)

The trip time delay for 87L Isteady> is set in address 87L Trip Delay

Pickup Threshold (87L I min)

This value should at least corresponds to the settings of 87L I dyn> ,but not exceed the rated
current.

SI Time all CL
The Seal in time determines the activation for enabling protections following energization of the
line.

Transformer Differential Protection

The faults occur in the transformer inside the insulating oil can be detected by
Buchholz relay. But if any fault occurs in the transformer but not in oil then it can
not be detected by Buchholz relay.

Differential relays can detect such type of faults. Buchholz relay is also
provided in transformer for detecting any internal fault in the transformer but
Differential Protection scheme detects the same in more faster way.

Its working principle is similar to the one discussed in line differential protection
however for transformer some consideration must be kept in mind:

Transformer Differential Protection

A transformer has a turns ratio so the current in is not really equal to the current
out which causes an unbalance current in the operating coil of a transformer
differential relay.

Transformers require magnetising current. There will be a small current flow in

the transformer primary even if the secondary is open circuited.

In wye-delta connections there is a phase shift and difference in magnitude by

some 1.73 times between primary and secondary. Also a transformer has an
inrush current which tends to deviate from ideal behaviour.

Transformer Differential Protection

When transformers are first energized there is over-fluxing (saturation) of the core and
the large inrush energizing current has a distorted waveform. This waveform is
described as having high second harmonic content.

The transformer differential relays make use of this known fact and add in extra
restraint when it detects thissecond harmonic.

This extra feature prevents the transformer from tripping due to magnetizing current
when being energized, but does not add any time delay.

Because the differential relay will not operate with load current or faults outside the
protected zones (through faults), it can be set to operate at a low value of current
thereby giving rapid operation when a fault occurs.

Hence there is no need to time delay the operation of the relay and therefore a fast
acting type of relay can be used.

Transformer Differential Protection

For setting of such relays following calculations are performed

Rated Current

Differential Initial Setting I - Diff >

Differential Bias Slope Setting SLOPE 1

Differential Bias Slope Limit SLOPE 2

Differential Highest Setting I - Diff >>

Magnetising Inrush Restraint Level

Transformer Differential Protection

Load
Current:

The voltage corresponding to the average current of the regulated range.

The following applies:

Where Umax, Umin are the voltages at the limits of the regulated range.

Calculation of HV side and LV Side Currents:

In this step we have calculated the HV and LV side currents as well as

secondary current of CTs as IN1 and IN2

Transformer Differential Protection

Differential
Initial Setting I - DIFF >

Spill current calculation due to following Constant Errors:

Tap changer regulation

Magnetizing currents of CTs and Power transformer

Transformer Differential Protection

Other settings includes:

Differential Bias Slope Setting

Differential Highest Setting

Add-on stabilization I - ADD ON STAB

2nd Harmonic

Cross blocking for 2nd Harmonic

I - DIFF >>

Circuit Breaker Failure Protection

The circuit breaker failure protection provides rapid back-up clearance

of fault, in the event that the circuit breaker nearest to the fault fails to
respond to a trip command from the object protection.

The preset time of the breaker failure device is over, the breaker fail
trip command is released to trip all circuit breakers concerned with the
bus section to which the failed circuit breaker is connected.

CB Failure protection provides more reliability to the system and works

under the fail scenario of far CB.

CB Failure Protection Settings

The Substation has 5 number of bays with double bus bar system &
132kV gas insulated switchgears. These are configured as follows:
S.no

Circuit Breaker Description

CB no.

132kV Feeder (Civic Center)

E03

132kV Feeder (Gulshan)

E04

Bus-coupler

E05

Power Transformer

E06

Power Transformer

E07

CB Failure Protection Settings

CT Ratios and other system data:

System voltage = 132 / 11 kV
Power Transformers (E06 & E07)

200/1 A

Line Feeders (E03 & E04)

1600/1 A

Bus coupler (E05)

2500/1 A

Relay type

7UT6121-5EB22-1BA0

Relay rating

1A

Current detection setting range

to (steps 0.01IN)

Pick-up time

3 ms with measured quantities present

20ms after switch-on of measured

Reset/Drop-off time maximum

quantities
30 ms

Time setting range

0.00 to 60 s; infinite

CB Failure Protection Settings

132 kV Breaker Failure Protection
Relay Type: 7UT6121-5EB22-1BA0
System voltage

132 / 11 kV

CT Ratio

1600/ 1 A

Relay rating

1A

Setting range
Time setting range

&

Line Feeders: E03 & E04

The breaker failure protection switching

ON

Pick-up value of breaker failure protection

0.2 IN

current detector
Three pole trip repetition to the local feeder

0.120

circuit breaker

0.04In ~ 1.00In

2nd stage delay time for adjacent circuit

0.25 s

0.00 ~ 60.00 sec;

breakers, T2
Circuit breaker auxiliary contacts monitoring

Yes

Yes

CB Failure Protection Settings

132 kV Breaker Failure Protection

Relay Type: 7UT6121-5EB22-1BA0

Coupler
E05
System
voltage
132 / 11 kV

&

Bus

The breaker failure protection switching ON

Pick-up value of breaker failure

CT Ratio

2500/ 1 A

Relay rating

1A

Setting range

0.04In ~ 1.00In

Time setting range

0.00 ~ 60.00 sec;

0.2 IN

protection current detector

Three pole trip repetition to the local

0.120

feeder circuit breaker

2nd stage delay time for adjacent

0.25

circuit breakers, T2

Circuit breaker auxiliary contacts

Yes

monitoring Yes

CB Failure Protection Settings

132/11 kV Breaker Failure Protection

Relay Type: 7UT6121-5EB22-1BA0

System voltage

132 / 11 kV

&

20MVA Transformers

The breaker failure protection switching

ON

Pick-up value of breaker failure protection 0.2 IN

CT Ratio

200/ 1 A

Relay rating

1A

Setting range

0.04In ~ 1.00In

current detector
Three pole trip repetition to the local

0.120

feeder circuit breaker

2nd stage delay time for adjacent circuit

0.25 s

breakers, T2
Time setting range

0.00 ~ 60.00 sec;

Circuit breaker auxiliary contacts

monitoring

Yes