Multi Input Multi Output

(MIMO)

Contents

Diversity Definition
Why Diversity
Types of Diversity
Types of combining
MIMO Definition
Why MIMO ?
MIMO Advantages and disadvantages
Applications of MIMO

Diversity Definition

Diversity is a technique by which we

transmit many copies of the signal or
versions of the signal but effected with
different fading over time, frequency or
space.

Diversity Definition
Diversity means send the same message
signal or replica of message signal by
using two or more communication
channels with different characteristics.

Why Diversity
To overcome fading and
To combat cochannel interference
(CCI) and
To avoid error bursts .

Types of Diversity
Diversity

Time Diversity

Frequency Diversity

Space Diversity

Types of Diversity

Space diversity
1.

2.

Many copies of the transmitted signal

effects with different fading over the space .
we use multi-antenna systems:
At the transmitter ( transmit diversity) or
At the receiver ( reception diversity) or
At both of them( MIMO).

Frequency diversity
This type of diversity used for the frequency
selective channels as we will averaging or
avoiding fading over the frequency by
using:
Multi-carrier technique like OFDM.
FHSS (frequency hope spread spectrum).
DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum).

Frequency Diversity

The signal is transmitted using several

frequency channels or spread over a wide
spectrum that is affected by frequency
selective fading.

Time Diversity
Multiple versions of the same signal are
transmitted at different time instants.
We averaging the fading of the
channel over time by using : The channel coding and interleaving or
Sending the data at different times

Space Diversity

Types of space diversity

SISO( single input single output)

SISO
SISO stands for single input and signal output. It
uses one antenna at the transmitter and one
antenna at the receiver . SISO channel is more
susceptible to problem caused by multipath effect
however it is cheap to implement.
For SISO system the capacity is given by Shannon
formula :
C = B log2(1 + SNR).

SIMO( single input multi output)

reception diversity

SIMO

SIMO stands for single input and multiple

outputs. It uses single antennas at
transmitter and multiple antennas at the
receiver. SIMO system is preferably used in
uplink.

MISO( multi input single output)

transmit diversity

Alamouti space time block code

(STBC) scheme

2 Transmit, 1 Receive Alamouti STBC coding

MIMO( multi input multi output)

transmit and reception diversity

MIMO

Combining techniques

The presence of reception diversity poses an

interesting problem : how do we use effectively the
information from all the antennas to demodulate the
data.

Combining techniques

Combines the independent fading paths

signals to obtain a signal that passed through
demodulator.
The combining techniques can be applied to
any type of diversity.
The combining techniques are linear as the
output of is a weighted sum of the different
fading signals of branches.
The combining techniques needs cophasing.

Types of combining techniques

Selection combining (SC)

Selection combining (SC)

Selection combining used in spatial diversity
systems involves the sampling of several
antenna signals, and sending the largest one
to the demodulator. Selection combining
( SC) is relatively easy to implement but not
optimal because it does not make use of all
the received signals simultaneously .

Selection combining (SC)

This is the simplest combining method. Consider a

MR receiver system. In (SC), we select the signal
coming into each of the MR antennas that has the
highest instantaneous SNR at every symbol interval.
The output of the combiner equal to that of the best
incoming signal.

Selection combining (SC)

The advantage of SC is that it does not require any

additional RF receiver chain.
All receive antennas share a single RF receiver
chain. This keeps the cost down.
In practice the strongest signals are selected because
it is difficult to measure SNR alone.

Maximal ratio combining (MRC)

Maximal ratio combining (MRC)

In maximal ratio combining (MRC), the signals from

all of the several branches are weighted according to
their individual SNRs and then summed. The
individual signals are cophased before being summed.

Maximal ratio combining (MRC)

Maximal ratio combining (MRC)

In maximal ratio combining (MRC) the

output is a weighted sum of all branches
due to its SNR.

Maximal ratio combining (MRC)

Maximal ratio combining (MRC)

Maximal-ratio combining produces an average

SNR M equal to the sum of the individual
average SNRs where we assume that each branch
has the same average SNR.
Maximal-ratio combining can produce an
acceptable average SNR, even when none of the
individual i is acceptable. It uses each of
the M branches in a cophased and weighted
manner such that the largest possible SNR is
available at the receiver.

Equal gain combining (EGC)

Equal gain combining (EGC)

Equal gain combining (EGC) is similar to

maximal ratio combining (MRC) except that
the weights are all set to unity. The possibility
of achieving an acceptable output SNR from
a number of unacceptable inputs is still
retained. The performance is marginally
inferior to maximal ratio combining.

Equal gain combining (EGC)

EGC is the same as MRC but with equal

weighting for all branches.
The performance is marginally inferior to
MRC, but the complexities of EGC
implementation are much less than MRC.

MIMO Definition

The use multiple transmitters and receivers to transfer more data

at the same time.
MIMO technology takes advantage of a radio wave phenomenon
called multipath where transmitted information bounces off walls
and other objects, reaching the receiving antenna multiple times
via different angles and at slightly different times.

Configurations overview

SISO : Stands for Single Input

Single Output
SIMO : Stands for Single Input
Multi Output (reception
diversity)
MISO : Stands for Multi Input
Single Output ( transmit
diversity)
MIMO : Stands for Multi Input
Multi Output ( transmit and
reception diversity)

MIMO Configurations
MIMO configuration
can described by : N (Transmitter) *N
(Receiver)
Most common MIMO
configuration is: 2*2,
2*3, 2*4, and 4*4

Why MIMO?

MIMO can exploit multiple transceivers at

both the enhanced node B (base station BS)
and the user equipment (UE)
So we can increase the data rates of the
mobile system.

Why MIMO?

MIMO increase data rate via Spatial ( space) Multiplexing

by allowing to transmit different streams of data
simultaneously on the same resource block(s) by exploiting
the spatial dimension of the radio channel.

Why MIMO?
MIMO increase the robustness
of data transmission via
Transmit Diversity
Each transmit antenna
transmits the same stream of
data. This increases the signal
to noise ratio at the receiver
side and thus the robustness of
data transmission especially in
fading scenarios

Why MIMO?

MIMO enhance link reliability in

challenging propagation conditions when
the signal strength is low and multipath
conditions are challenging. Thus, MIMO
lower bit error rate

MIMO Advantages
Major advantages of MIMO
Higher capacity.
Increase data rate.
Lower bit error rate.
Increased coverage.
Improved position estimation.

MIMO disadvantages

Computational complexity
Channel modeling complexing

MIMO Applications

MIMO provides high speed wireless

communication link to support wide
range of applications without the
expansion of the available
bandwidth or increase of transmitted
power.

MIMO Applications

Communication network applications such as

broadcasting network, cellular network, satellite
communication.
Narrowband Applications where limited
bandwidth and lower data rate, higher
performance required ( since space-time block
coding (STBC) is attractive).
Pager, text messaging applications such as
blackberry.

BER for BPSK modulation with Selection diveristy in Rayleigh channel

nRx=1 (sim)
nRx=2 (sim)

-1

B it E rro r R a t e

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

10

15
20
Eb/No, dB

25

30

BER for BPSK modulation with Selection combining (SC) in

Rayleigh channel

35

BER for BPSK modulation with Equal Gain Combining in Rayleigh channel
nRx=1 (sim)
nRx=2 (sim)

-1

B it E rro r R a te

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

10

15
20
Eb/No, dB

25

30

BER for BPSK modulation with Equal Gain Combining (EGC) in Rayleigh
channel

35

BER for BPSK modulation with Maximal Ratio Combining in Rayleigh channel
nRx=1 (sim)
nRx=2 (sim)

-1

B it E rro r R a t e

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

10

15
20
Eb/No, dB

25

BER for BPSK modulation with Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) in Rayleigh
channel

30

35

Transmit vs. Receive Diversity

10

No Diversity (1Tx, 1Rx)

Alamouti (2Tx, 1Rx)
Maximal-Ratio Combining (1Tx, 2Rx)

-1

10

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

10
12
Eb/No (dB)

14

16

18

Comparison among no diversity, Alamouti and max ratio combining

(MRC)

20

G2-coded 2x2 System

10

No Diversity (1Tx, 1Rx)

Alamouti (2Tx, 1Rx)
Maximal-Ratio Combining (1Tx, 2Rx)
Alamouti (2Tx, 2Rx)

-1

10

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

6
Eb/No (dB)

10

Comparison among no diversity, Alamouti transmit diversity

and max ratio combining (MRC) reception diversity and MIMO

12