Water Supply Networks:

Kinds, Structures and Design

Kinds of Water Supply Networks
I. According to the hydraulic connections
Branched
Looped (Gridiron)
II. According to the static head arrangement
Non-stratified (Non-zone)
Stratified (Zone)

Kinds of Water Supply Networks

a. Branched

b. Looped (Gridiron)

Kinds of Water Supply Networks

Zone Network with Steep Terrain

a - Gravity System
1 - minimal static head

- Pumping System
2 - maximal static head (H < 60 m)

Zonal (Stratified) Network

a - Sequencing pumping zones feeding

- Combined gravity and pumping zones feeding
b - Two pumping groups
- Single pumping group

Water Supply Networks Structures

Main Elements
Mains (Trunks)
Branches
Fittings
Valves

Mains (Trunks) Design

Basic Requirements
Main direction of the trunks must comply to the main water
distribution direction. For this equally loaded parallel trunks have
to be established at distance of about 300 - 600 m each to the other
The trunks along the main water distribution direction have to be
connected with intermediate trunks at distance of about 400 - 800
m each to the other
So designed trunks and the rings formed by them have to cover
uniformly the settlement, passing through the most dense
populated regions and by the big local consumers
The trunks permanent ways have to be located at the higher parts
of the settlements, which will insure uniform spatial distribution of
the water dynamic head
The trunks permanent ways have to consider the soil properties,
as well as the underground communications
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Branches Design
Basic requirements
The distribution branches are laid out along any one of the streets in
the settlement in the way to deliver water with the shortest
permanent way from the nearest trunk to the consumers
At the streets broader than 16 m two parallel branches could be
install. If the branch diameter exceeds 300 mm, it is constructed as a
transit one and a parallel branch with smaller diameter distributes
water towards the attached consumers
Minimal slope of the branches is normally 0,1 %, or no less than
0,05 % at flat terrain
Stop valves have to be envisaged at the points of the trunks
branching and at the beginning and the end of every branch in the
way to allow distribution network rings to be isolated in a case of
emergency
Fire valves have to be envisaged, uniformly distributed on the water
supply network and at no more than 100 (150) m distance each to
the other

Pipes, Fittings and Valves

Distribution Networks Pipes
Materials

Cast iron
Steel
Asbestos cement
Plastics - PE, PP, PVC

Pipes joints

Socket (muff, muffle)

Flange
Clutch (union)
Weld
Gluing
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Pipes Joints

Cast iron socket

a - pipe longitudinal section
- socket joint detail
1 - pipe cylindrical end 3 - resin rope
2 - pipe muff end
4 - plumb or asbestos-cement

stuffing

Pipes Joints

Cast iron pipes sockets

a - socket joint
1 - pipe cylindrical end
2 - pipe muff end

- screw-socket joint
3 - rubber gasket
4 - screw ring

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Pipes Joints

Asbestos-cement pipes joints

a - Simplex type

- Gibot type b - Flange type

1 - rubber gasket
2 - pipe
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Fittings
Kinds of Fittings
T-fittings (with or without flanges)
Cross-fittings (with or without flanges)
Offsets (with or without flanges), 30o, 45o , 60o and 90o
Knees (Elbows) - with or without flanges, 45o and 90o
Reducing fittings (Confussors/Difussors) - with or without flanges
Duff flanges

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Valves
Kinds of Valves
Stop (Gate) valves
Fire hydrants
Pressure reducing valves
Air valves
Blow off

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Valves

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