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Principles of Electronic
Communication Systems
Third Edition
Louis E. Frenzel, Jr.
Chapter 23
Television
23-1: TV Signal
The TV signal occupies a significant amount of
23-1: TV Signal
Signal Bandwidth
The entire TV signal occupies a channel in the
sound.
23-1: TV Signal
23-1: TV Signal
Signal Bandwidth: Audio Signal
The sound carrier is at the upper end of the spectrum.
Frequency modulation is used to impress the sound
23-1: TV Signal
Signal Bandwidth: Video Signal
The picture information is transmitted on a separate
23-1: TV Signal
Signal Bandwidth: TV Spectrum Allocation
TV signals are assigned to frequencies in the VHF and
UHF range.
U.S. TV stations use the frequency range between 54
and 806 MHz.
Although TV is still transmitted by radio waves, most
viewers get their TV signals via a cable.
Over 80 percent of U.S. homes have cable TV that
carries the over-the-air TV channels as well as
premium and specialized channels of programming.
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23-1: TV Signal
Generating the Video Signal
The video signal is most often generated by a TV
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23-1: TV Signal
Generating the Video Signal
In order to convert them into electrical signals, the
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23-1: TV Signal
Generating the Video Signal: Principles of Scanning
Scanning is a technique that divides a rectangular
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23-1: TV Signal
Generating the Video Signal: Principles of Scanning
The greater the number of scan lines, the higher the
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23-1: TV Signal
Generating the Video Signal: Principles of Scanning
Shades of gray are represented by some voltage level
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23-1: TV Signal
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23-1: TV Signal
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23-1: TV Signal
Generating the Video Signal: Relationship between
Resolution and Bandwidth
The resolution of the TV picture refers to the amount of
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23-1: TV Signal
Generating the Video Signal: Color Signal Generation
The color detail in the scene is represented by dividing
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23-1: TV Signal
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23-1: TV Signal
Generating the Video Signal: Color Signal Generation
The R, G, and B signals also contain the basic
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23-1: TV Signal
Generating the Video Signal: Color Signal Generation
These signals comprise different proportions of the R,
G, and B signals:
I = 60 percent red, 28 percent green, 32 percent blue
Q = 21 percent red, 52 percent green, 31 percent blue
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23-1: TV Signal
Figure 23-9: (a)
How the NTSC
composite video
signal is
generated. (b)
The chrominance
signals are
phase-encoded.
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23-1: TV Signal
Generating the Video Signal: Color Signal Generation
To demodulate the double-sided (DSB) AM signals, the
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23-1: TV Signal
Generating the Video Signal: Color Signal Generation
To ensure the proper conditions at the receiver, a
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23-2: TV Receiver
The process involved in receiving a TV signal and
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23-2: TV Receiver
Tuner
The signal from the antenna or the cable is connected
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23-2: TV Receiver
Tuner
TV set tuners are two tuners in one, one for the VHF
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23-2: TV Receiver
Tuner: Tuning Synthesizer
The local oscillators are phase-locked loop (PLL)
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23-2: TV Receiver
Video Intermediate Frequency and Demodulation
The standard TV receiver IFs are 41.25 MHz for the
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23-2: TV Receiver
Video Intermediate Frequency and Demodulation
The SAW IF filter greatly attenuates the sound IF to
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23-2: TV Receiver
Sound Intermediate Frequency and Demodulation
To recover the sound part of the TV signal, a separate
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23-2: TV Receiver
Synchronizing Circuits
A major part of the TV receiver is dedicated to the
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23-2: TV Receiver
Synchronizing Circuits
The sync pulses are stripped off the video signal with a
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23-2: TV Receiver
Synchronizing Circuits
The sync pulses are also fed to an IC that takes the
horizontal sync pulses during the vertical blanking
interval and integrates them into a 60-Hz sync pulse
that is used to synchronize a vertical sweep oscillator.
In most modern TV sets, the horizontal and vertical
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23-2: TV Receiver
Picture Tube
A picture tube is a vacuum tube called a cathode-ray
tube (CRT).
Monochrome (B&W) and color picture tubes are
available.
The CRT used in computer video monitors works like
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23-2: TV Receiver
Picture Tube: Monochrome CRT
The tube is housed in a bell-shaped glass enclosure.
A filament heats a cathode that emits electrons, which
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23-2: TV Receiver
Picture Tube: Monochrome CRT
The beam is accelerated forward by a very high voltage
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23-2: TV Receiver
Picture Tube: Monochrome CRT
As the beam is being swept across the face of the tube
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23-2: TV Receiver
Picture Tube: Color CRT
To produce color, the inside of the picture tube is coated
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23-2: TV Receiver
Picture Tube: Color CRT
A metallic plate with holes for each dot triad called a
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23-2: TV Receiver
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23-2: TV Receiver
Other Screen Displays
While most TV sets still use a CRT for a display, in
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23-2: TV Receiver
Other Screen Displays
1. The displays are flat or thin. The typical depth of a
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23-2: TV Receiver
Other Screen Displays
Plasma: A plasma screen is made up of many tiny cells
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23-2: TV Receiver
Other Screen Displays
Projection screens. A very bright light is passed
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23-3: Cable TV
Cable TV, sometimes called CATV, is a system of
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23-3: Cable TV
Modern Cable TV Systems
Cable TV companies collect signals and programs from
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23-3: Cable TV
Modern Cable TV Systems
A cable TV company uses many TV antennas and
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23-3: Cable TV
Modern Cable TV Systems
The trunk cable is usually buried and extended to
surrounding areas.
A junction box containing amplifiers takes the signal and
redistributes it to smaller cables called feeders, which
go to specific areas and neighborhoods.
From there the signals are again rejuvenated with
amplifiers and sent to individual homes by coaxial
cables called drops.
The overall system is referred to as a hybrid fiber
cable (HFC) system.
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23-3: Cable TV
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23-3: Cable TV
Signal Processing
The TV signals to be redistributed by the cable
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23-3: Cable TV
Signal Processing
Straight-through processing is a process in which
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23-3: Cable TV
Signal Processing
Heterodyne processing translates the incoming TV
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23-3: Cable TV
Digital Cable
In the newest cable TV systems, the audio and video
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23-3: Cable TV
Digital Cable
The cable box at the receiving end contains digital
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23-4: Satellite TV
One of the most common methods of TV signal
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23-4: Satellite TV
The path from earth to the satellite is called the
uplink.
The satellite translates the signal to another frequency
and then retransmits it back to earth, which is called
the downlink.
A receive site such as a cable company or individual
consumer picks up the signal.
Satellites are widely used by the TV networks, the
premium channel companies, and the cable TV
industry for distributing their signals nationally.
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23-4: Satellite TV
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23-4: Satellite TV
With direct broadcast satellite (DBS) TV, the system
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23-4: Satellite TV
Direct Broadcast Satellite Systems
The new DBS system uses compressed digital video to
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23-4: Satellite TV
Direct Broadcast Satellite Systems
The advantage of using the Ku band is that the receiving
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23-4: Satellite TV
DBS Receivers
The receiver subsystem begins with the horn antenna,
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23-4: Satellite TV
DBS Receivers
The digital signal at the second IF is demodulated to
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on the CRT.
The HDTV screen is made up of thousands of tiny dots
of light called pixels.
The greater the number of pixels on the screen, the
greater the resolution and the finer the detail that can be
represented.
HDTV uses progressive line scanning, in which each
line is scanned one at a time from top to bottom.
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that will drive the D/A converters that, in turn, drive the
red, green, and blue electron guns in the CRT.
The audio signal is demultiplexed and fed to AC-3
decoders.
The resulting digital signals are fed to D/A converters
that create the analog audio for each of the six audio
channels.
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