SKELETAL SYSTEM

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SKELETAL
SYSTEM
Functions

1.Support
2.Protect
3.Movement
4.Storage
5.Bloodcell
production
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Parts of the
Skeletal System
Bones(skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligament
Tendons

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Components of Skeletal System

Bone:
Cartilage: reduce friction and
model for bone formation
Tendons: attach muscles to bones
Ligaments: attach bone to bone

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CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
Based on shape: long, short,
flat, irregular, sesamoid
Type of bone tissue: compact
and spongy (cancellous)

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B
O
N
E
S
H
A
P
E
S

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

BONE SHAPES
Long:Ex.Femur,tibia,
fibula
Short:Ex.Carpals,
tarsals,phalanges
Flat:Ex.Ribs,sternum,
skull
Irregular:Ex.Vertebrae
andfacial
Sesamoid:Ex.Patella
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

LONG BONE STRUCTURES

Diaphysis:
shaft
compactbonetissue
(onoutside)
Epiphysis:
ends
spongybonetissue
Articularcartilage:
coversepiphyses
reducesfriction
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LONG BONE STRUCTURES

Periosteum:
membranearound
bonesoutersurface

Endosteum:
membranethatlines
medullarycavity
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Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Medullarycavity
Cavityoftheshaft
Containsyellow
marrow(mostlyfat)
inadults
Containsred
marrow(forblood
cellformation)in
infants
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COMPACT BONE TISSUE

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

COMPACT BONE TISSUE

Location:
outerpartofdiaphysis(long
bones)andthinnersurfaces
ofotherbones
Osteon:
structuralunitofcompact
bone
includeslamella,lacunae,
canaliculi,centralcanal,
osteocytes
Lamella:
ringsofbonematrix

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

COMPACT BONE TISSUE

Lacunae:
spacesbetweenlamella
Canaliculi:
tinycanals
transportnutrientsand
removewaste
Centralcanal:
centerofosteon
containsbloodvessels
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SPONGY BONE
TISSUE
Cancellous bone
Location: epiphyses of
long bones and center
of other bones
Trabeculae:
interconnecting rods,
spaces contain marrow
No osteons
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BONE CELLS
Osteocytes: maintain bone matrix
Osteoblasts: build bone
Osteoclasts: carve bone

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BONE ANATOMY
Foramen:
-hole
-Ex. Foramen
magnum

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 Trochanter
- very large,
blunt,
irregularly
shaped
process
ex. Greater
trochanter
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 Tubercle
- small rounded
projection or
process
ex. Greater and
lesser tubercle of
the humerus
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Spine
sharp,slender,
often
pointedprojection
ex.Spinousprocess
ofthevertebrae
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Head
bony
expansion
carriedona
narrow
neck
ex.Headof
femur
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 Facet
- smooth, nearly
flat
articular surface
ex. Facet of
vertebrae
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Ramusarmlikebarofbone
ex.Ramusofmandible

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Meatuscanallikepassageway
ex.Externalacousticmeatus

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 Sinus- cavity within a bone

- filled with air and lined with mucous
membrane

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 Fossa
- Shallow basinlike
depression
serving as
articular surface
ex. Iliac fossa
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DIVISIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

AXIAL SKELETON
APPENDICULAR
SKELETON

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AXIAL SKELETON (80 BONES)

Forms the longitudinal part of the

body
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony Thorax
Auditory Ossicles
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Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

THE SKULL

Two sets of bones

Cranium: encloses and protects the brain

Facial bones: hold the eyes in an anterior
position and allow facial muscles to show
our feelings
Bones are joined by sutures
Only the mandible is attached by a freely
movable joint
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

CRANIAL BONES
8 Large
Flatbones
- 1 Frontal
- 2 Parietal
- 2 Temporal
- 1 Occipital
- 1 Ethmoid
- 1 Sphenoid
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

FACIAL BONES

14 facial bones
6 paired
Mandible and vomer
(single)
Maxillae
Palatine Bones
Zygomatic bones
Lacrimal Bones
Nasal Bones
Inferior Conchae

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HYOID BONE

Only bone not

directly articulated
with another bone
Suspended in the
midneck region

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

HYOID BONE
Anchored by ligaments to
the styloid process of
temporal bone
1.Movable base of the tongue
2.Attachment point for neck
muscles
Horseshoe-shaped
Body
Horns or cornua
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Auditory Ossicles
Malleus or hammer
Incus or anvil
Stapes or stirrup

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The Vertebral
Column or Spine
Axialsupport
Extendsfromskulltopelvis
Vertebrae
26
Cervicalvertebrae 7
Thoracicvertebrae 12
Lumbarvertebrae
5
Sacrum(5fusedbones)1
Coccyx(4fusedbones)1
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Common Features of Vertebrae

1.Bodyorcentrum
disclike,weight
bearingpart
2.Vertebralforamen
canalthroughwhich
thespinalcordpasses
3.Transverseprocesses
twolateralprojections
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Common Features of Vertebrae

4.Spinousprocess
singleprojection
arisesfromposterioraspectofvertebral
arch
5.Superiorandinferiorarticular
processes
pairedprojections
allowvertebratoformjointswithadjacent
vertebrae
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

CERVICAL
VERTEBRAE

C1Atlas
nobody,no
spinousprocess
C2Axis
Odontoid
process/dens
Jointformedbet.
C1andC2allows
headtorotate

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C3C7
Branchedspinousprocess
Transverseprocessescontain
opening(transverseforamen)

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THORACIC VERTEBRAE T12

spinousprocess
longandhookssharplydownward

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LUMBAR VERTEBRAE

L1L5
Massiveblocklikebody
Sturdiestofthevertebrae

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SACRUM S1

formedbyfusionof
5vertebrae
Winglikealae

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Mediansacralcrest
Fusedspinousprocesses
Sacralcanal
Continuouswithvertebralcanal

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COCCYX C1

Humantailbone
Fusionof4bones

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THE BONY THORAX

Madeupofthree
parts
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracicvertebrae
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Bony Thorax/Thoracic Cavity

Sternum(breastbone)1
Manubrium
Bodyofthesternum
Xiphoidprocess
Attachedtothefirst7pairsofribs
Ribs24
Trueribsfirst7pairs
attachedtothesternumbycostalcartilage
Falseribsnext5pairs
Attachedindirectlytothesternum
Lasttwoarefloatingribs(lacksternalattachments)
Thoracicvertebrae
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

Composed of two bones

Clavicle collarbone
Scapula shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement

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PECTORAL GIRDLE

Clavicleorcollarbone
Slender,doublycurvedbone

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Scapula/ Shoulder Blades

Triangular,winglikebone
Glenoidcavityorfossareceivesheadof
humerus

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bones of the
Upper Limbs
The upper arm is
formed by a
single bone
Humerus
Head
received by
glenoid cavity
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Trochlea distal,
medial end
Capitulum distal,
lateral end (round)
Coronoid fossa
anterior
Olecranon fossa
posterior
Medial and lateral
epicondyle

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Theforearmhas
twobones
Ulna
Radius

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BONES OF THE UPPER LIMBS

Thehand
Carpalswrist
Metacarpalspalm
Phalangesfingers

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BONES OF THE UPPER LIMBS

Metacarpals
Bonesofthe
palm
Phalanges
Proximal
Middleabsent
inthumb
Distal
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

Hipbones(CoxalBones/OssaCoxae)

Composedofthreebones
fusedbones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubicbone
Thetotalweightoftheupperbodyrestsonthepelvis
Protectsseveralorgans
Reproductiveorgans
Urinarybladder
Partofthelargeintestine
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Bones of the Lower Limbs

Femur thigh bone
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
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Femurorthigh
bone
Head
articulatewith
tibia
andpatellar
surface
kneejoint
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Bones of the
Lower Limbs
Theleghastwo
bones
Tibia
Fibula

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Tibia
Largerandmore
medial
Shinbone
Fibula
thinandsticklike
nopartinforming
the
kneejoint
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Thefoot
Tarsusankle
Metatarsalssole
Phalangestoes
Tarsalbones
composedof7
bones
talusand
calcaneusare
thelargesttarsals

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Metatarsals
Bonesofthesole
ofthefoot

Phalanges
Proximal
Middle:absent
ingreattoe
Distal
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings