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Classic Claim of the Carib

Indians in West Indies 1


Extreme Claim that men and women
speak two different languages:
"when Europeans first arrived in the Lesser
Antilles and made contact with the Carib Indians
who lived there, they discovered that the men and
women 'spoke difference languages'."
Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society,
4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p. 65.

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Classic Claim of the Carib


Indians in West Indies 2
More Thoughtful Conclusion / Explanation:
"it seems certain that, although there were clear
differences between men's and women's speech,
only a relatively small number of vocabulary items
were involved. The men and women, that is, did
not speak different languages. Rather, they spoke
different varieties of the same languagethe
differences were lexical only."
Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society,
4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p. 65.

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Pronouns

English
French
Finnish
Chinese
Thai
Chinese

Male

Female

Other

he
il
hn
ta

phom
I
ni

she
it
elle
hn
ta

dichan
I
(between equals)
ni

Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society,


4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p. 62.

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Koasati: Accounting for


Gender Differences
Womens Forms

Mens Forms

Older

Newer

Conservative

Innovative

(Evaluated as better)
Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society,
4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p. 69.

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Women and the Standard /


Prestige Variety
In all the cases examined, it has been shown
that, allowing for other factors such as social
class, ethnic group and age, women on average
use forms which more closely approach those of
the standard variety or the prestige accent than
those used by men, although we cannot predict
which form a given man or woman is going to
use on a given occasion.
Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society,
4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p. 70.

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Variation in Mens and Womens


Speech in Detroit 1
Percentage of multiple negation used

UMC
LMC
UWC
LWC

Male
6.3
32.3
40.0
90.1

Female
0.0
1.4
35.6
58.9

Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society,


4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp. 70-71.

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Variation in Mens and Womens


Speech in Detroit 2
Percentage of non-prevocalic /r/ in Detroit
Black speech
UMC
LMC

Male
66.7
52.5

Female
90.0
70.0

UWC
LWC

20.0
25.0

44.2
31.7

Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th


edition. London: Penguin Books, pp. 70-71.

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Stratification according to Social


Class and Sex

Montgomery, Martin. 1995. An Introduction to Language and Society, second


edition. London: Routledge, p. 152.

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Gender and Social Attitudes


"Gender differentiation in language, then arises
becauselanguage, as a social phenomenon,
is closely related to social attitudes. Men and
women are socially different in that society lays
down different social roles for them and
expects different behaviour patterns from
them. Language simply reflects this social
fact."
Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society,
4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p. 79.

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Changing Social Roles


Changing Language
"If the social roles of men and women change,
moreover, as they seem to be doing currently
in many societies, then it is likely that gender
differences in language will change or diminish
also."

Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society,


4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp. 79-80.

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Language and Gender


Tendencies towards gender-based linguistic
differentiation, then, are the result of different
social attitudes towards the behaviour of men
and women, and of the attitudes men and
women themselves consequently have to
language as a social symbol.

Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society,


4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p. 79.

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The Recognition
of Sex-Linked Register
by the Intermediate and
Advanced ESL Student 1
Robert L. Good
Brigham Young University
[1] This paper was originally presented at a conference of the
Intermountain Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages,
Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, October 15-16, 1982 and was
published in ITESOL Papers: BYU. Vols. 3 and 4, 1982-83, pp. 72-80.
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Survey
M

M/w

M/W W/m W

___ 1. Thats a terrific story.


___ 2. Thats an adorable story.
___ 3. Damn it, the TV set broke!
___ 4. Wont you please close the door?
___ 5. I was damn mad.
___ 6. That was an adorable movie.
___ 7. My goodness, thats the President!
___ 8. Thats a divine story.
___ 9. Ill be damned, theres a friend of mine!
___ 10. I was so tired.
Edelsky, Carole. 1974. Evidence for the Existence and Acquisition of an Aspect of
Communicative Competence: Recognition of Sex of Speaker from Linguistic Cues
orKnowing How to Talk like a Lady. Doctoral dissertation, University of New
Mexico.
13/19

Survey
M

M/w

M/W W/m W

___ 1. Thats a terrific story.


___ 2. Thats an adorable story.
___ 3. Damn it, the TV set broke!
___ 4. Wont you please close the door?
___ 5. I was damn mad.
___ 6. That was an adorable movie.
___ 7. My goodness, thats the President!
___ 8. Thats a divine story.
___ 9. Ill be damned, theres a friend of mine!
___ 10. I was so tired.
Edelsky, Carole. 1974. Evidence for the Existence and Acquisition of an Aspect of
Communicative Competence: Recognition of Sex of Speaker from Linguistic Cues
orKnowing How to Talk like a Lady. Doctoral dissertation, University of New
Mexico.
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Table 1
Variables and Classifications
Variable

Classification

1
2/6
3
4
5
7
8
9
10

MW
W
M
W
M
W
W
M
W

terrific
adorable
damn it
won't you please
damn + ADJ.
my goodness
divine
I'll be damned
so

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Table 1
Variables and Classifications
Variable

Classification

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

MW/W
MW/W
M
MW
MW
W
W
MW/M
MW
W

TAG QUEST.
PLAIN ADJ.
shit
great
very
darling
oh dear
COMMAND
NO TAG
just

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Table 2Modified
Subject Data and Means
ELC
Level

Sex

Totals

Rel

3 cell size
mean

7
26.71

6
23.33

13
25.15

+.061

4 cell size
mean

4
26.75

9
26.89

13
26.85

+.60

5 cell size
mean

4
27.75

6
29.00

10
28.50

-.32
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Gender and Social Attitudes


Gender differentiation in language, then arises
becauselanguage, as a social phenomenon,
is closely related to social attitudes. Men and
women are socially different in that society lays
down different social roles for them and expects
different behaviour patterns from them.
Language simply reflects this social fact.
Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society,
4th edition. London: Penguin Books, p. 79.

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Changing Social Roles /


Changing Language
If the social roles of men and women
change, moreover, as they seem to be doing
currently in many societies, then it is likely
that gender differences in language will
change or diminish also.

Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society,


4th edition. London: Penguin Books, pp. 79-80.

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