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Paired
electrons
2s22p1
Unpaired
electron
Symbol of
the element
S
2s 2p
2
Chemical Bonds
Atoms form bonds in order to achieve a stable octet of
valence electrons.
They can do this one of two ways
- transferring (i.e. - gaining or losing) electrons; or
- sharing electrons
- Transfer of electrons results in formation of ionic bonds
- Sharing of electrons results in formation of covalent
bonds
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After sodium loses its 3s electron, it has attained the same electronic
structure as neon.
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12
Formation of NaCl
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A sodium
ion
(Na+)
and
a
chloride
ion
(Cl
) are formed.
The 3s electron of sodium transfers to the 3p orbital of chlorine.
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11.7
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11.7
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11.8
20
*Both hydrogen
atoms now have a
full outer shell.*
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11.9
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11.9
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The two nuclei are shielded from each other by the electron pair. This
allows the two nuclei to draw close together.
11.9
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The most likely region to find the two electrons is between the two nuclei.
11.9
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hydrogen
chlorine
iodine
nitrogen
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A short aside
OK, weve just said that covalent bonds result when orbitals
overlap. Another way of saying this is would be to say the the
orbital wavefunctions are superposing; that is, theyre combining
to form a new orbital wavefunction.
According to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum
mechanics, such a superposition of states (like the combination of
atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals) can only become
definite upon observation.
In other words, one implication of the Copenhagen interpretation
is that the act of observation (say, making a measurement) can
influence the outcome. (No fair! You made an observation. You
changed the outcome! Professor Farnsworth)
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One more
Futurama explains
Schrdingers cat (with
a bit of Tron thrown in)
http://bit.ly/tWPRrq
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Electronegativity
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Electronegativity
measures of the pull an atom has on bonding
electrons
increases across period (left to right) and
decreases down group (top to bottom)
fluorine is the most electronegative element
francium is the least electronegative element
:
H :Cl
:
H :Cl
:
H :Cl
:
H :Cl
Electronegativity Scale
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Ionization energy
decreases
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Bond Polarity
covalent bonding between unlike atoms results in unequal
sharing of the electrons
one atom pulls the electrons in the bond closer to its side
one end of the bond has larger electron density than the
other
the result is a polar covalent bond
bond polarity
the end with the larger electron density gets a partial
negative charge
the end that is electron deficient gets a partial positive
charge
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0.4
100%
4.0
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Bond Polarity
ENCl = 3.0
3.0 - 3.0 = 0
Pure Covalent
ENCl = 3.0
ENH = 2.1
3.0 2.1 = 0.9
Polar Covalent
ENCl = 3.0
ENNa = 1.0
3.0 0.9 = 2.1
Ionic
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11.11
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Solutions to exercises
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electronegativity decreases
electronegativity increases
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electronegativity decreases
electronegativity increases
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electronegativity decreases
electronegativity increases
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