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Structura
normala a
peretelui
arterial
Intima
Medie
Adventice
Functiile endoteliului
Vasodilatatia:
Anticoagulare antiagregare:
Pro:
Pro:
Plasminogen (t-PA)
Prostaciclina
Trombomodulina, heparan-sulfat
NO (EDRF)
Prostaciclina
Contra:
PAI 1
Factor tisular
F. von Willebrand
Bradikinina
Acetilcolina
Contra:
Angiotensina II - ECA
Endotelina
Catecolii plasmatici
Tromboxan
Exces Na+
Antiinflamator antiproliferativ:
Pro:
NO
Contra:
Lipsa NO
AT-II, aldosteron
IL-6, VCAM, ICAM
MCP, MCSF, PDGF, FGF
Ateroscleroza: o
definitie
Athre: terci; skleros: dur
boala cronica inflamatorie a peretelui
arterial indusa de injurie endoteliala de
cauze variate caracterizata prin:
Factori infectiosi:
Virusuri
Bacterii
Chlamydii
Factori imunologici
Factori genetici
1.
Initierea
procesului AS
4. Oxidarea LDL
Patrunderea subintimala a
lipoproteinelor aterogene
VLDL
Reteaua
matricii
extracelulare
LDL
Fibrile de
colagen
Injurie
endoteliala:
Colesterolemie 350
mg/dl
TA > 160/90 mmHg
AGE
homocisteina
Adeziunea monocitelor si a LT la
endoteliu prin molecule de adeziune:
selectine E, L, P
VCAM-1 si ICAM-1
hipoxia + CO
2. Stria lipidica
aspect macroscopic
aspect microscopic
Prevalenta
aterosclerozei (%)
100%
70%
80%
47%
60%
40%
22%
20%
0%
< 25 ani
Nissen S. Am J Cardiol 2001:87(suppl):15A-20A.
25-35 ani
>35
3. Placa fibroasa
Macrofage incarcate cu
colesterol: celule spumoase
Limfocite T CD8 si CD4
MIEZUL LIPIDIC
Capison
fibros
Miez lipidic
4. Placa ulcerata
Liza focala a capisonului fibros
Inflamatie celulara excesiva +
Hemoragie intraplaca
Exces de vasa vasorum in adventice
Lumen cu
tromb
Cap fibros
ulcerat
Miez lipidic
Placi
aortice
ulcerate
Vb: calcificare
1. Dislipidemia
Ideal
a
Borderlin
e
Mare
Colesterole
mie
< 200
200-239
LDL
< 100
130-159
HDL
45 M
55 F
40 - 60
colesterolul:
240
>
160
NA
lipoproteine
National Cholesterol Education Program. Adult Treatment Panel III. JAMA 2001;285:2486-97.
Diferentele intre LP plasmatice deriva din tipul diferit de apo si % lipide care le const
Fosfolipide
Apolipoproteine:
constituire si secretia LP
(apo B100 si B48)
integritatea structurala a LP
(apo B, apo E, apo AI si AII)
Trigliceride
Colesterol liber
Colesterol
esterificat
Lipoproteinele plasmatice
Lipoproteina
Densitate
(g/ml)
Lipidul
majoritar
Apolipoproteina
majoritara
Mobilitate
electroforetic
a
Chilomicroni
<0.95
Trigliceride
alimentare
B48
Origine
VLDL
<1.006
Trigliceride
endogene
B100
Pre-
IDL
1.006 1.019
Esteri colesterol,
TG
B100, E
Lent pre-
LDL
1.0191.063
Esteri
colesterol
B100
HDL
1.0631.210
Esteri
colesterol,
fosfolipide
A I, A II
Lp(a)
1.055 1.085
Esteri colesterol
B100, (a)
Lent pre-
Dislipidemiile genetice 1
Hiperlipidemia tip II (hipercolesterolemia familiala):
Incidenta: 1 / 500
Autozomal co-dominanta
Risc crescut de boala coronara precoce decada 3 si 4 (debut mai tardiv cu 10 ani la F)
TG plasmatice si VLDL crescute marcat (200 500 mg/dl, post prandial 1000 mg/dl)
Gerontoxon
Xantelasma
Xantoame cutanate
Dislipidemiile secundare
Metabolice
Stil de viata
Medicamentoase
Diabetul zaharat
Lipodistrofiile
Glicogenozele
Sedentarismul
saturate
Obezitatea
Cortizonice
Estrogeni
Testosteron
Abuz de alcool
Tiazide
Beta-blocante
ciclosporina
Anti-retrovirale
Renale
Hepatice
Ciroza hepatica
Hormonale
Estrogeni
progesteron
Hipotiroidia
Hipercorticism
Dislipidemia aterogena:
trigliceride
LDL mici
HDL
Hiperlipidemia
tip V
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. JAMA 2001;285:2486-2497.
2. HTA
Asociata cu incidenta crescuta a:
Bolilor cerebrovasculare
Aterogenezei
Bolii coronariene
3. Fumatul
Corelatie puternica cu ateroscleroza:
97
Supravieuirea la
fiecare vrst (%)
100
91
81
94
80
Medici nefumtori
Medici fumtori
81
59
59
60
10 ani
40
24
20
26
2
40
Doll R et al. BMJ 2004;328:151927.
50
60
70
80
Vrsta (ani)
90
100
4. Diabetul zaharat
Risc de CAD de 2-3 ori mai mare la M, de 3-5 ori mai mare la F
CAD principala cauza de deces in DZ
25% din supravietuitorii IMA au DZ, > 50% au anomalii de metabolism
glucidic
Mecanisme de aterogeneza:
Cresterea Lp(a)
Cresterea LDL
Disfunctie endoteliala
?
Placa stabila
vs
Placa instabila
Factori biomecanici:
TA
Frecventa cardiaca
Vasospasm
Placa vulnerabila
Placa stabila
Miez
lipidic
Miez lipidic
Abundent
Miez lipidic
Sarac
Capison fibros
Gros
Multe
Macrofage, LT
Putine
Putine
Multe
Multe
Putine
Rupta
Indemna
Tromboza placii
vulnerabile
Eroziunea:
- 25% din leziuni
- asociata cu fumatul
- mai frecventa la F
Ruptura:
- 75% din leziuni; n = 298 pts
- profil lipidic patologic
Ruptura
Eroziunea
Medicatia hipolipemianta
Mecanism de
actiune
Efecte adverse
Atorvastatina (10-80
mg)
Fluvastatina (20-80
mg)
Lovastatina (20-80
mg)
Pravastatina (20-40
mg)
Rosuvastatina (10-40
mg)
Simvastatina (20-80
mg)
transaminaze,
miopatie, rash,
tulburari digestive
Chelatoa
re de
acizi
biliari
Colestiramina (4-16 g)
Colestipol (5-20 g)
Colsevelam (2.6-3.8 g)
Inhiba reabsorbtia
intestinala a acizilor
biliari
Constipatie, tulburari
digestive, absorbtie
medicamente
evenimente coronare
majore,
mortalitatea coronara
Acid
nicotinic
Scade secretia de
VLDL hepatic
Rash, hiperuricemie,
TTGO anormal,
gastrita
transaminaze
evenimente coronare
majore,
mortalitatii globale
Fibratii
Clofibrat (1g x 2)
Gemfibrozil (600 mg x
2)
Fenofibrat (200 mg)
Stimularea f. nuclear
de transcriptie PPAR ptr LPL, apo CII si
AI
Rash, tulburari
digestive, miopatie,
litiaza biliara,
transaminaze, DE
evenimente coronare
majore
Medicament
Statinele
National Cholesterol Education Program. Adult Treatment Panel III. JAMA 2001;285:2486-97.
Inhibitorii
evenimente coronare
majore,
mortalitatea coronara,
AVC
CARACTERISTICELE CLASELOR
TERAPEUTICE HIPOLIPEMIANTE
LDL
TG
HDL
STATINE
18 55%
7 30%
5 15%
FIBRATI
5 20%
20 50%
10 20%
RASINI
15 30%
3 5%
ACID
NICOTINIC
5 25%
20 50%
15 35%
clasa
10
Doza (mg)
40
20
80
Rosuvastatin
10
Atorvastatin
20
30
X
X
Simvastatin
Pravastatin
n=485
X
X
40
FU = 6 sapt
X n=648
50
60
n=634
n=473
Factorii de risc
Fumatul
simptomatice
Antecedente heredocolaterale
de boala coronariana
Varsta M > 45 ani ; F > 55 ani
National Cholesterol Education Program. Adult Treatment Panel III. JAMA 2001;285:2486-97.
BC sau echivalent
de BC
(risc la 10 ani >20%)
>2+ factori de risc
(risc la 10 ani: 10-20%)
LDL tinta
se initiaza
<100 mg/dL
<130 mg/dL
130 mg/dL
nivel LDL
terapia
medicamentoasa
100 mg/dL
< 100 mg/dl optional
risc la 10 ani 10%-20%:
130 mg/dL
(100-129 mg/dl
optional)
160 mg/dL
0-1 factori de risc
<160 mg/dL
160 mg/dL
190 mg/dL
RR = 30%
LDL-C cu 30 mg/dl