Energy Equation

The element is located at an elevation z,

above a reference datum, has a fluid of
velocity, v and is subjected to pressure, P
Potential energy for the elemental fluid:
PE = Wz
where, W = weight of the fluid element, z =
the distance from the reference
Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by
the element of fluid due to its velocity and
defined as:

Where m is the mass of fluid element and v

is the mean velocity of the fluid element
But

The equation can be rewritten as:

Energy Equation
Pressure energy/flow energy(FE) is
the amount of work needed to move
the element of fluid across a certain
distance, d
The force producing work is the
product of the pressure, P and the
cross-sectional area, A of the
element
The volume of the element, V is
given by A multiply by d, but this
term can be replaced by
where
is the specific weight of
the fluid
The equation can be rewritten as:

Energy Equation
The total energy E is the sum of
these 3 energies
E = PE + KE + FE

Dividing the equation by W gives:

Each term now has a unit of meter

and can be expressed as head

Head
Elevation
head

Velocity
head

Pressure
head

Derivation of Bernoullis
Equation
An
approximate
relation
between pressure, velocity and
elevation - valid in regions of
steady,
incompressible
flow
where net frictional forces are
negligible
Energy cannot be created nor
destroyed can only transformed
from one form to another
In an ideal fluid, where there is no
viscosity, the total energy within
a moving fluid must remain
constant
The total energy at one point in
a steady flow must be equal to the
total energy at any other point
in the path of flow provided
No energy is added to the fluid or
taken from it

Derivation of Bernoullis
Equation
Applying this concept and the
energy equation to the flow:

Assumptions made:
1. Velocity on the flow cross section is
uniform, i.e: average velocity is used
2. Effect of viscous forces are very
small compared to gravitational
forces, therefore there are no losses
of energy due to friction
3. Energy of flow is not converted into
any other form apart from kinetic,
potential and pressure energies

Limitation of Bernoullis
Equation
Bernoullis equation is applicable to:

Steady flow
Frictionless flow

Every flow involves some friction

No shaft work

Not applicable in a flow section that

involves a pump, turbine, fan, machine
or impeller
Devices destroy the streamlines and
carry out energy interactions with the
fluid particles

Incompressible flow

One of the assumptions used in the

derivation is that = constant, thus the
flow is incompressible
No heat transfer

gas
us inversely proportional to
temperature,
thus
the
Bernoulli
equation should not be used for flow
section
that
involve
significant
temperature change i.e: heating/cooling

Along a streamline

Application of Bernoullis
Equation
Spraying Water into the Air
Water is flowing from a hose attached
to a
water main at 400 kPa gauge. A child
place his
thumb to cover most of the hose
outlet,
causing a thin jet of high speed water
to
emerge. If the hose is held upward,
what is the
maximum height that the jet could
achieve?

Application of Bernoullis
Equation

Application of Bernoullis
Equation

Flow Through A Small

Orifice

Application of Bernoullis
Equation

Application of Bernoullis
Equation

Application of Bernoullis
Equation

Application of Bernoullis
Equation

Application of Bernoullis
Equation