Chapter 13

Meiosis and Sexual

Life Cycles
PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Lectures by Chris Romero

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 Overview: Hereditary Similarity and Variation

Living organisms
Are distinguished by their ability to reproduce
their own kind

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 Heredity
Is the transmission of traits from one generation to
the next

Variation
Shows that offspring differ somewhat in
appearance from parents and siblings

Figure 13.1
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 Genetics
Is the scientific study of heredity and hereditary
variation

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 Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from

parents by inheriting chromosomes

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Inheritance of Genes
Genes
Are the units of heredity
Are segments of DNA

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 Each gene in an organisms DNA

Has a specific locus on a certain chromosome

We inherit
One set of chromosomes from our mother and
one set from our father

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Comparison of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

In asexual reproduction
One parent produces genetically identical
offspring by mitosis

Parent
Bud

Figure 13.2
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0.5 mm

 In sexual reproduction
Two parents give rise to offspring that have
unique combinations of genes inherited from
the two parents

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 Concept 13.2: Fertilization and meiosis

alternate in sexual life cycles
A life cycle
Is the generation-to-generation sequence of
stages in the reproductive history of an
organism

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Sets of Chromosomes in Human Cells

In humans
Each somatic cell has 46 chromosomes, made
up of two sets
One set of chromosomes comes from each
parent

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 A karyotype
Is an ordered, visual representation of the
chromosomes in a cell

Pair of homologous
chromosomes

Centromere
Sister
chromatids

Figure 13.3
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5 m

 Homologous chromosomes
Are the two chromosomes composing a pair
Have the same characteristics
May also be called autosomes

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 Sex chromosomes
Are distinct from each other in their
characteristics
Are represented as X and Y
Determine the sex of the individual, XX being
female, XY being male

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 A diploid cell
Has two sets of each of its chromosomes
In a human has 46 chromosomes (2n = 46)

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 In a cell in which DNA synthesis has occurred

All the chromosomes are duplicated and thus
each consists of two identical sister chromatids
Key
Maternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)
2n = 6
Paternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)

Two sister chromatids

of one replicated
chromosome
Centromere

Figure 13.4

Two nonsister
chromatids in
a homologous pair

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Pair of homologous
chromosomes
(one from each set)

 Unlike somatic cells

Gametes, sperm and egg cells are haploid
cells, containing only one set of chromosomes

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Behavior of Chromosome Sets in the Human Life Cycle

At sexual maturity
The ovaries and testes produce haploid
gametes by meiosis

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 During fertilization
These gametes, sperm and ovum, fuse,
forming a diploid zygote

The zygote
Develops into an adult organism

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 The human life cycle

Key

Haploid gametes (n = 23)

Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)

Ovum (n)

Sperm
Cell (n)
FERTILIZATION

MEIOSIS

Ovary

Testis

Mitosis and
development

Figure 13.5

Multicellular diploid
adults (2n = 46)

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Diploid
zygote
(2n = 46)

The Variety of Sexual Life Cycles

The three main types of sexual life cycles
Differ in the timing of meiosis and fertilization

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 In animals
Meiosis occurs during gamete formation
Gametes are the only haploid cells
Key
Haploid
Diploid
n

Gametes
n

MEIOSIS

Zygote

2n

Figure 13.6 A

Diploid
multicellular
organism

FERTILIZATION

2n

Mitosis
(a) Animals

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 Plants and some algae

Exhibit an alternation of generations
The life cycle includes both diploid and haploid
multicellular stages Haploid multicellular
organism (gametophyte)
n

Mitosis
n

Mitosis
n

n
Spores

Gametes
MEIOSIS

Diploid
multicellular
organism
(sporophyte)

Figure 13.6 B

2n

(b) Plants and some algae

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FERTILIZATION

2n
Mitosis

Zygote

 In most fungi and some protists

Meiosis produces haploid cells that give rise to
a haploid multicellular adult organism
The haploid adult carries out mitosis,
producing cells that will become gametes
Haploid multicellular
organism
Mitosis

Mitosis

n
Gametes

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION
2n

Figure 13.6 C

Zygote
(c) Most fungi and some protists

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 Concept 13.3: Meiosis reduces the number of

chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
Meiosis
Takes place in two sets of divisions, meiosis I
and meiosis II

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The Stages of Meiosis

An overview of meiosis

Interphase
Homologous pair
of chromosomes
in diploid parent cell

Chromosomes
replicate
Homologous pair of replicated chromosomes

Sister
chromatids

Diploid cell with

replicated
chromosomes

Meiosis I

1 Homologous
chromosomes
separate

Haploid cells with

replicated chromosomes
Meiosis II
2 Sister chromatids
separate

Figure 13.7
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Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes

 Meiosis I
Reduces the number of chromosomes from
diploid to haploid

Meiosis II
Produces four haploid daughter cells

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 Interphase and meiosis I

MEIOSIS I: Separates homologous chromosomes

INTERPHASE

PROPHASE I

Centrosomes
(with centriole pairs)
Sister
chromatids

Nuclear
envelope

METAPHASE I

Chiasmata

ANAPHASE I

Sister chromatids
remain attached

Centromere
(with kinetochore)

Spindle

Metaphase
plate

Homologous
Microtubule
chromosomes
attached to
Chromatin
separate
kinetochore
Pairs of homologous
Chromosomes duplicate
Tertads line up
chromosomes split up
Homologous chromosomes
(red and blue) pair and exchange
Figure 13.8
segments; 2n = 6 in this example
Tetrad

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 Telophase I, cytokinesis, and meiosis II

MEIOSIS II: Separates sister chromatids
TELOPHASE I AND
CYTOKINESIS

PROPHASE II

METAPHASE II

Cleavage
furrow

Figure 13.8

Two haploid cells

form; chromosomes
are still double

ANAPHASE II

Sister chromatids
separate

TELOPHASE II AND
CYTOKINESIS

Haploid daughter cells

forming

During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate;
four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chromosomes

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A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis

Meiosis and mitosis can be distinguished from
mitosis
By three events in Meiosis l

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 Synapsis and crossing over

Homologous chromosomes physically connect
and exchange genetic information

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 Tetrads on the metaphase plate

At metaphase I of meiosis, paired homologous
chromosomes (tetrads) are positioned on the
metaphase plates

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 Separation of homologues
At anaphase I of meiosis, homologous pairs
move toward opposite poles of the cell
In anaphase II of meiosis, the sister
chromatids separate

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 A comparison of mitosis and meiosis

MITOSIS

MEIOSIS
Chiasma (site of
crossing over)

Parent cell
(before chromosome replication)

MEIOSIS I

Prophase I

Prophase

Chromosome
replication

Duplicated chromosome
(two sister chromatids)

Chromosome
replication

Tetrad formed by
synapsis of homologous
chromosomes

2n = 6

Metaphase

Chromosomes
positioned at the
metaphase plate

Anaphase
Telophase

Sister chromatids
separate during
anaphase

2n

Tetrads
positioned at the
metaphase plate

Homologues
separate
during
anaphase I;
sister
chromatids
remain together

Metaphase I

Anaphase I
Telophase I
Haploid
n=3

Daughter
cells of
meiosis I

2n

MEIOSIS II

Daughter cells
of mitosis
n

Daughter cells of meiosis II

Figure 13.9
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Sister chromatids separate during anaphase II

 Concept 13.4: Genetic variation produced in

sexual life cycles contributes to evolution
Reshuffling of genetic material in meiosis
Produces genetic variation

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Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring

In species that produce sexually
The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis
and fertilization is responsible for most of the
variation that arises each generation

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Independent Assortment of Chromosomes

Homologous pairs of chromosomes
Orient randomly at metaphase I of meiosis

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 In independent assortment

Each pair of chromosomes sorts its maternal and paternal

homologues into daughter cells independently of the other pairs
Key
Maternal set of
chromosomes
Paternal set of
chromosomes

Possibility 1

Possibility 2

Two equally probable

arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I

Metaphase II

Daughter
cells

Figure 13.10

Combination 1

Combination 2

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Combination 3

Combination 4

Crossing Over
Crossing over

Produces recombinant chromosomes that carry genes derived

from two different parents
Prophase I
of meiosis

Nonsister
chromatids

Tetrad

Metaphase I

Chiasma,
site of
crossing
over

Metaphase II

Daughter
cells

Figure 13.11
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Recombinant
chromosomes

Random Fertilization
The fusion of gametes
Will produce a zygote with any of about 64
trillion diploid combinations

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Evolutionary Significance of Genetic Variation

Within Populations
Genetic variation
Is the raw material for evolution by natural
selection

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 Mutations
Are the original source of genetic variation

Sexual reproduction
Produces new combinations of variant genes,
adding more genetic diversity

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