FLUID PROPERTIES

AND UNIT SYSTEM

OBJECTIVES
This chapter is develop to help students
achieve the following:
- Knowing the unit used in fluid
mechanics.
- Define the main fundamental fluid
properties and its application.
- Solve the simple problems related to
fluid mechanics.

LEARNING OUTCOME
On completion of this chapter, student should be able to do
the following:
- List and define the system of units and fluid properties
of liquid.
- Understand fluid properties i.e mass, density, relative
density, specific weight, dynamic viscosity and kinematic
viscosity.
- Solves simple problem related with systems
of unit and fluid properties.

SUB TOPIC

PART 1
SYSTEMS OF UNITS

SYSTEM OF UNITS
As any quantity can be expressed in

whatever way.
It is sometimes easy to become confused as
to what exactly or how much is being
referred to.
In example : America SI
British BS
To avoid any confusion on this course, SI
(metric) system will be use.
However, the conversion unit for basic
quantities must also be known.

DIFFERENT : SI & BS UNITS

Quantity
SI Unit
BS Unit
Length
Meter, m
Feet, ft
Mass
Kilogram, kg
Pound, lb
Temperature
Kelvin, 0K
Fahrenheit, 0F
Force
Newton, N
Pound Force, lbf

SYSTEMS OF UNITS

PRIMARY UNITS

Quantity

SI Unit

Dimension

Length

Meter, m

Mass

Kilogram, kg

Time

Second, s

Temperature

Kelvin, K

Current

Ampere, A

Luminosity

Candela

Cd

DERIVED UNITS

CONVERSION FACTORS

CONT.

EXERCISE
Reference
B. R Munson, D. F Young, T H. Okiishi,
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, John
Wiley, 2002

Chapter 1, page 32 & 33

Question 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17 & 1.18

ANSWER
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18

PART II
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

FLUIDS

Fluids lack the

ability of solids
to resist
deformation

Fluids change
shape as long
as a force acts

A Fluid is a substance which deforms

continuously, or flows, when subjected
to shearing forces
If a fluid is at rest there are no
shearing forces acting.
All forces must be perpendicular to
the planes which they are acting

VELOCITY PROFILE
VELOCITY PROFILE IN A PIPE
- Consider a fluid flowing near a

velocity gradient =du

dy

wall.
-Fluid next to the wall will have
zero velocity
-Moving away from the wall
velocity increases to a maximum

UNIFORM FLOW
No
velocity,
no shear
forces

Newton's Law of Viscosity

In a solid shear strain, , is constant

for a fixed shear stress , .
In a fluid increases for as long as is
applied - the fluid flows

The deformation which this shear stress causes is

measured by the size of the angle and is know as
shear strain
Shear strain , =

x/y

=
/t
=
x/yt
=
(1/y)(x/t)
=
u/y
(note that x/t = is the velocity of the particle
at E)
So,
Rate of shear strain

constant (u/y)

and
u/y =
change in velocity with
distance , y
= du/dy (velocity gradient)
also
constant
=
dynamic viscosity,

= (du/dy)

Newtons law of viscosity

NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
Fluids obeying Newtons law

(du/dy)

CAUSES OF VICOSITY IN
FLUIDS
There is some molecular interchange

between layers in liquids- but the cohesive

forces are also important.
Increases temperature of a fluid reduces
the cohesive forces and increases the
molecular interchange.

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Density
Mass Density
Specific Weight
Dynamic Viscosity
Kinematic Viscosity
Surface Tension
Vapour Pressure and Capillary

DENSITY
:
Defination
:
Simbol
:
Formula
:
Units
Dimensions :
Typical values :
kgm-3

mass per unit volume

= m/V
kgm-3
ML-3

Water
Mercury
Air
Paraffin Oil

:
:
:
:

1000

13546 kgm-3
1.23 kgm-3
800 kgm-3

SPECIFIC WEIGHT
:
weight per unit volume
Defination

Simbol :
= g
Formula :
:
kgm-2s-2
Units
ML-2T-2
Dimensions :
Typical values :
Water :
Mercury
Air
:
Paraffin Oil

9814 kgm-2s-2
:
132943 kgm-2s-2
12.07 kgm-2s-2
:
7851 kgm-2s-2

RELATIVE DENSITY
Defination

:
Ratio of mass density to
some standard mass density
Simbol :

Formula :
= substance / water
Units
:
None
Typical values :
Water :
1
Mercury
:
13.5
Air
:
1.23 x 10-3
Paraffin Oil :
0.8

DYNAMIC VISCOSITY
:
shear force per unit area
Defination

Simbol :
= / (du/dy)
Formula :
:
kgm-1s-1
Units
ML-1T-1
Dimensions :
Typical values :
Water :
Mercury
Air
:
Paraffin Oil

1.14 x 10-3 kgm-1s-1

:
1.552 kgm-1s-1
1.78 x 10-5 kgm-1s-1
:
1.9 kgm-1s-1

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
Defination: ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density

Simbol :
=/
Formula :
:
m2s-1
Units
Dimensions: L2T-1
Typical values:
Water :
Mercury
Air
:
Paraffin Oil

1.14 x 10-6 m2s-1

:
1.145 x 10-4 m2s-1
1.46 x 10-5 m2 s-1
:
2.375 x 10-3 m2s-1

SURFACE TENSION
It is caused by forces between fluid

molecules are unstable at the surface of

the fluid.
This imbalance will cause the surface of
the fluid acts as a "skin" or "membrane"
This nature can cause razor blades floating
on the surface of the fluid.

CAPILLARY EFFECT
It is also due to the forces between fluid

molecules are unstable at the surface of

the fluid.
This will cause the surface of fluid to be in
converge or diverge shape.

THANK YOU

. Jika ketumpatanb
QUIZ 1
tersebut.Minyakd
1) Diberi ketumpatan minyak 855kg/m3. Tentukan nilai ketumpatan
bandingan dan kelikatan kinematik minyak ini jika kelikatan dinamiknya
adalah 5 x 10-3 N.s/m2.

2) Sejenis cecair mempunyai jisim 4 Mg dan isipadu 3200 liter, tentukan:

1) Berat
2) Ketumpatan
3) Ketumpatan bandingan
4) Berat tentu

mempunyai berat 4
bandingannya.Isi
7.3m
3) Sejenis cecair dimasukkan penuh ke dalam bekas. Seketul logam
bebentuk kiub mempunyai sisi 0.5m dimasukkan ke dalam bekas
tersebut. Jisim air yang melimpah keluar ialah 50 kg. dapatkan berat
tentu cecair tersebut.
4) Berat sejenis cecair yang berisipadu 4.8m3 ialah 30kN. Kirakan,
1) Ketumpatan cecair
2) Ketumpatan bandingan cecair tersebut

EXAMPLE
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6

EXERCISE
Reference
B. R Munson, D. F Young, T H. Okiishi,
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, John
Wiley, 2002

Chap 1, page 32 & 33

Question 1.24, 1.25, 1.28, 1.32 & 1.40

ANSWER
1.24
1.25
1.28
1.32
1.40

VISCOUS FLUIDS
The behavior of a flowing fluid depends on
various fluid properties. Viscosity, one of the
important properties, is responsible for
the shear force produced in a moving fluid.
Although the two fluids shown look alike (both
are clear liquids and have a specific gravity
of 1), they behave very differently
when set into motion. The very viscous silicone
oil is approximately 10,000 times more
viscous than the water.

NO-SLIP CONDITION
As a fluid flows near a solid surface, it "sticks" to the
surface, i.e., the fluid matches the velocity of the
surface. This so-called "no-slip" condition is a very
important one that must be satisfied in any accurate
analysis of fluid flow phenomena.
Dye injected at the bottom of a channel through which
water is flowing forms a stagnant layer near the
bottom due to the noslip condition. As the dye
filament is moved
away from the bottom, the motion of the water is
clearly apparent. A significant velocity gradient is
created near the bottom.

Video 3 - CAPILLARY TUBE

VISCOMETER
Most devices (called viscometers) used to determine
viscosity do not measure it directly, but instead
measure some characteristic with a known
relationship to viscosity.
The capillary tube viscometer involves the laminar
flow of a fixed volume of fluid through a capillary
tube. The time required for the fluid to pass
through the tube is a measure of the kinematic
viscosity of the fluid. As shown with the four
tubes, the drain times can vary depending on the
viscosity of the fluid and the diameter of the
capillary tube.

NON-NEWTONIAN
BEHAVIOR
Fluids for which shearing stress is not linearly related
to the rate of shearing strain are designated as
non-Newtonian fluids.
A mixture of water and corn starch, when placed on a
flat surface, flows as a thick, viscous fluid. However,
when the mixture is rapidly disturbed, it appears to
fracture and behave more like a solid. The mixture
is a non-Newtonian shear thickening fluid which
becomes more viscous as the shearing rate is
suddenly increased through the rapid action of the
spoon.

FLOATING RAZOR BLADE

Surface tension forces exist at liquid/gas or
liquid/solid interfaces. Although these forces are
relatively small, they are quite important in many
situations.
A heavier-than-water, double-edged steel razor blade
can float on water. Without surface tension, the
blade would sink because its weight is greater than
its buoyant force.
However, surface tension forces are not large enough
to support a slightly heavier singleedged blade.