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In crystallography we use
a right-handed coordinate
system defined by three
vectors at various angles
to each other.
x 1 0 0 x
y 0 1 0 y
z 0 0 1 z
r xa yb zc
x x
y y
z
z
is transformed to:
r 2 001 r xa yb zc
xa yb zc
xa zc xa zc
xz a c cos xz a c cos
cos cos
90
xa yb xa yb
xz a b cos x z a b cos
cos cos
There is no restriction on .
y y
z
r xa yb zc
1
0
0
1
0 1
is transformed to:
r m 001 r xa yb zc
xa yb zc
Mirror Perpendicular to c
xa zc xa zc
xz a c cos xz a c cos
90
xa yb xa yb
cos cos
No restriction on .
Monoclinic
An object possessing a single 2-fold or mirror operator
giving rise to the following coordinate system:
abc
90
unrescricted
Note: Crystallographers normally take the 2-fold axis as b
rather than c ( unrestricted) and take to be obtuse.
x
y
z
0 1
1 0
0 0
y
x
z
r xa yb zc
0
1
is transformed to:
r 4 001 r xa yb zc
ya xb zc
4-fold Parallel to c
xa yb ya xb
xy a b cos yx a b cos
90
Moreover, the 90 rotation means that +a must move to
+b, +b to a, etc. The interchange of x and y on the
transformation means that the lengths of a and b must
be identical.
These same rules apply to an S4 as well and these two
symmetry operators comprise a new system.
Tetragonal
The presence of a C4 or S4 gives rise to a crystal system
for which the coordinate axes are:
abc
90