INTERNSHIP 1

By: Nelson T. Tubon, B.S. Pharm.; B.S. S. Ed.; R.Ph.; M.S. Pharm.; Ph.D. B.M.

Exercise 5

Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms

Dosage Form
also known as pharmaceuticals.

It is define as preparation devised

to make possible administration of
medications in measured or
prescribed amount.

Terms
Parenteral Dosage Forms are
preparation introduced into the body by
injection through the skin, the mucous, or the
serous membranes
Dosage forms for inhalation are
preparations intended to be finally dispensed
or vaporized to the mucous membranes of the
lower part of the respiratory tract.

Terms
Oral Dosage Forms - are preparations
intended to be taken orally.
Rectal Dosage Forms - are preparations
employed for systemic effect or a local
action through the rectum.

Term
Dosage Forms For Topical application
are preparations intended to be applied on
the skin or instilled into eyes, nose, or ears.

LIQUIDS
A.Solutions a homogenous mixture
that is prepared by dissolving a solid or liquid
or gas in another liquid; it represents a group
of preparations in which the molecules of the
solute or dissolved substances are dispersed
among those of the solvent

Solutions
Water used mainly as a vehicle and as a solvent

for the desired flavoring or medicinal ingredients.

Aromatic water also known as medicated
water,
clear saturated aqueous solutions of
volatile
oils or aromatic or volatile substances.
Aqueous acids official inorganic acids and
certain acids although of minor significance as
therapeutic agents are great importance in
chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Solutions
Diluted acids aqueous solutions of suitable

strength usually 10% w/v except diluted

acetic acid which is 6% w/v
Douches aqueous solutions directed
against a part or into a cavity of the body
Enemas also known as evacuation
enemas. They are rectal injections
employed to evacuate bowel retention
enemas to influence the general system
by absorption, or to effect locally the seat of
disease.

Solutions
Gargles aqueous solutions used for

treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by

forcing air from the lungs through the gargle
which is held in the throat.
Mouthwashes aqueous solutions which
are most often used for their deodorant,
refreshing, or antiseptic effect.
Juices prepared from fresh ripe fruits,
aqueous in character and used in making
syrups which are employed as vehicles.

Solutions
Nasal solutions usually aqueous solutions

which are deigned to be administered to

the nasal passages in drops or spray
form.
Otic solutions aqueous preparations
dispensed in a container which permits
the administration of drops to the ear

NON-AQUEOUS
Collodion liquid preparations containing

pyroxillin in a mixture of ethyl ether and

ethanol.
Elixirs clear, pleasantly flavored sweetened
hydro-alcoholic liquids intended for oral
use.
Glycerites solutions or mixtures of
medicinal substances in not less than 505
by weight of glycerin

NON-AQUEOUS
Inhalations are solutions of drugs

administered by
the nasal or oral
respiratory route for local or systemic effect.
Liniments solutions or mixtures of various
substances in oil, alcoholic solutions of
soap or emulsions.
Oleovitamins fish liver oils diluted with
edible vegetable oil or solutions of volatile
substances of the indicated vitamins or
vitamin concentrates (usually A and D) in
fish liver oil.

NON-AQUEOUS
Spirits known as essences; are alcoholic

hydro-alcohol solutions of volatile

substances.
Toothache drops preparations used for
temporary relief of toothache by application of
cotton saturated with the product into tooth
cavity

 EMULSION a two phase system prepared

by combining two immiscible liquids one of

which is uniformly dispersed through the
other; they consist of globules that have
diameters equal to or greater than those of
the largest colloidal particles.

SUSPENSIONS a two-phase system

consisting of finely divided solid dispersed in a

solid, liquid, or gas.

 GELS semi-solid systems of either

suspension made up of small inorganic

particles or large organic molecules
interpenetrated by a liquid.
LOTIONS usually liquid suspension or

dispersions intended for external

application to the body.

 MAGMAS and MILK aqueous suspensions

of insoluble inorganic drugs; they differ

from
gels mainly in that the suspended
particles are layers.
TINCTURES alcoholic or hydroalcoholic
solutions prepared from vegetable
materials or from chemical substances

 FLUIDEXTRACTS liquid preparation of vegetable

drugs containing alcoholic as a solvent or as

preservative or both, so made that each mL contains
the therapeutic constituents of 1 g of the
standard
drug that it represents
EXTRACTS concentrated preparations of

vegetable or animal drugs obtained by removal

the active constituents of the respective drugs
with suitable menstruum.

of

 PARENTERAL PREPARATION sterile

preparations intended to be administered by

injection under or through one or more layers
of skin or mucous membranes
INTRAVENOUS ADMIXTURES mixture of

intravenous fluids and drugs to be

administered by injection

OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS sterile

preparations to be used on the eyes
Solutions intended for the eye; clear, sterile

solution to be instilled into the eyes by the use of a

dropper.
Suspensions dispersion of finely divided
relatively insoluble drug substances in an aqueous
vehicle containing suitable suspending and
dispersing agent.
Ointment intended for the eyes; they contain
medicinal agents added to the ointment base of
white petrolatum and mineral oil either as a solution
or as a micronized powder.

LENS CARE PRODUCTS sterile

preparations intended to protect the lens
1.
wetting solutions
2.
cleaning solutions
3.
disinfection solutions
4.
soaking solutions
5.
artificial tears

 OINTMENT semi-solid preparations

MEDICATED
intended for external applications to the
skin or mucous membranes.
CATAPLASM a soft moist mass of meals,
herb, seed usually applied hot in clothes.
PASTES concentrates of absorptive
powders dispersed in petrolatum or
hydrophilic petrolatum

 POWDERS for external use are usually

described as dusting powders, usually

contain starch, talc, and zinc stearate
DRESSINGS external applications
resembling ointment usually used as a
covering or protection.
CREAMS viscous liquid or semi-solid
emulsions of either the oil in water or water
in oil type

 PLASTERS substances intended for

external application; they are made of such

materials and of such consistency as to
adhere to the skin and attach to a
dressing
SUPPOSITORIES solid dosage forms of
various weights and shapes usually
medicated for insertion into the rectum,
vagina, or the urethra

POWDERS
Oral powders generally supplied as finely

divided or effervescent granules

Dentifrices may be prepared in the form of
a bulk powders generally containing soap
or detergent, mild abrasive and
anticariogenic agent
Douche powders soluble powders
intended to be dissolved in water prior to
use as antiseptic or cleaning agents for a
body cavity.

 Dusting powders locally applied non-toxic

preparations that are intended to have no

systemic action.
Insufflations finely divided powders
introduced into the body cavities.
Triturations dilutions of potent powdered
drugs prepared by intimately mixing them
with a suitable diluent in 1:10 dilutions

ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

TABLET solid dosage form containing drug

substances with or without suitable

diluents and prepared either by compression
or molding methods.
CAPSULES solid dosage forms in which
the drug substance is enclosed in either a
hard or soft soluble container or of a suitable
form of gelatin
PILLS small, round, solid dosage forms
containing medicinal agents and intended
for oral administration

ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

TROCHES also known as lozenges or

pastilles; they are discoid shaped solid

containing the medicinal agent in a
suitably
flavored base.
CACHETS related to capsules in as such
as they provide an edible container for
oral administration of solid drugs.
PELLETS small, sterile cylinders about 3.2
mm in diameter by 8 mm in length, formed
by compression from medicated masses

 AEROSOLS both oral and topical; they

contain therapeutically active ingredients

dissolved, suspended, or emulsified in a
propellant or in a mixture of solvent and
propellant
RADIOPHARMECUTICALS radioisotopes

used in medicine for therapeutic and

diagnostic purposes

BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS
Vaccines a suspension of attenuated (live) or

inactivated (killed) microorganisms or fraction

thereof administered to induce immunity and thus
prevent infectious disease.
Toxoid a modified antigen from an infectious
organism used as a vaccine
Immune globulin a solution containing
antibodies from the pooled plasma of not less than
1,000 normal individuals
Hyperimmune serum a special preparation
obtained from human donor polls selected for high
antibody titer against a specific disease

Examples Dosage Forms

Omega Pain Killer (Methyl salicylate, menthol,

camphor) Liniment
Cold Rub (Camphor, Menthol, Eucalyptus oil)
Ointment
Aceiti Manzanilla Solution
Acrinol Tincture
White Henna Powder
Sebo De Macho Ointment
Caladryl (Calamine) Lotion
Nizoral (Ketoconazole) Cream, Shampoo, Tablet

Examples Dosage Forms

Dermovate (Clobetasol propionate) Cream,

Ointment, Solution
Dulcolax (Bisacodyl) - Tablet, Suppository
Dimetapp (Brompeniramine maleate) - Syrup
Ponstan (Mefenamic Acid) Capsule SF 250
mg; Tablet 500 mg; Suspension
Nitro-Dur (Nitroglycerin) Transdermal Patch
Nitroglycerin Tablet; Transdermal Patch

Five reasons for the need for dosage

forms.
1.

To protect the drug substance from destructive influences

of atmospheric oxygen
2.
To protect the drug from the destructive influence of gastric
acid after oral administration
3.
To conceal the bitter, salty, or offensive taste or odor of a
drug substance.
4.
To provide liquid preparations of substance that are
insoluble in desired vehicle
5.
To provide for insertion of a drug into one of the bodys
orifices
6.
To provide optimal drug action from topical administration
sites, etc.

Examples of Tablets

1. Poten-Cee Ascorbic acid Pascual

2. Alaxan Ibuprofen, Paracetamol

Therapharma
3. Tylenol Paracetamol - Janssen
4. Neozep
Phenylpropanolamine,chlorphenamine
maleate, paracetamol Myra/Unilab
5. Flanax Naproxen Roche

Example of Capsules

1. Velosef Cephradine Squibb

2. Tegopen Cloxacillin Bristol
3. Omnipen Ampicillin Wyeth
4. Imodium Loperamide Janssen
5. Darvon Aspirin, caffeine,

propoxyphene Lilly

Advantages and disadvantages of

different dosage forms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Ease of administrations
Stability purposes
Portability/ conveniently carried
Elegance
Accurate dosage
Manufactured at lower cost
Optimal drug action and others

INTERNSHIP 1

By: Nelson T. Tubon, B.S. Pharm.; B.S. S. Ed.; R.Ph.; M.S. Pharm.; Ph.D. B.M.

Exercise 6

THE PRESCRIPTION
Nelson T. Tubon, M.D.
3JR Pacific Medical Center
Blk 6 Lot 1 Nepo Homes Subdivision
Km 37 Pulong Buhangin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Patients Name De La Cruz, Mario 28/M

10/10/08
Address Novaliches, Quezon City

Omeprazole 20 mg/cap ----- # 21

(Losec)
Sig. Take one cap daily for three weeks

Nelson T. Tubon, MD
Lic. No.: 95555
PTR No. 123456789
TN:967854321

Date:

PRESCRIPTION
from the Latin words: prae before and

scribo I write. A prescription is an

order for medication issued by a
physician, dentists, veterinarian or other
properly licensed practitioner.

Parts of Prescription
1. Prescribers Information. The name of the

physician or dentist, his specialty, clinic address,

contact number and clinic hours.

2. Patient information. The full name and address

of the patient are necessary for identification

purposes.

3. Date. Prescriptions are dated at the time they are

written. The date is important in establishing the

medication record of the patient especially in
filling prescriptions for controlled substances

Parts of Prescription
4. Rx Symbol or Superscription. The Rx symbol is a Latin verb

recipe, meaning take thou or you take

5. Medication Prescribed or Inscription. Body or main part of the of

the Rx order. It contains the names and quantities of the

prescribed ingredients or drugs, dosage form and potency

The name of the product must be written both in

Nonproprietary (generic name)
Proprietary (brand)
Chemical
Dosage form- the physical entity of medication (tablet, capsule)
Strength potency of drug (250 mg, 100IU)
Quantity to be dispensed this includes the amount and the unit
of measure (grams, milligrams, tablets)

Parts of Prescription
6. Dispensing Directions to Pharmacist or Subscription.

Directions to the pharmacist for preparing the prescription

These can be used for:
Preparations (compounding)
Labeling ( information to be put on the label )
7. Directions for the Patient or Transcription. Instructions

on

the number of dosage units per dose (one tablet), route of

administration, frequency of dosing (every 4 hours),
duration of dosing (one week, for one month) and use of
the drug (optional)

Parts of Prescription
8. Refill Information. If refill information is

not supplied, it is generally assumed that

no refills are authorized

9. Prescribers Signature. The name and

signature of the physician or dentist who

wrote the prescription order. Below the
signature of the physician are the licensed
number to practice his profession, PTR
( Privilege Tax Receipt) no. and TIN

Dispensing Procedures
1. Dispensing should be done by

Pharmacist
2. Partial Filling is allowed and must be
reflected in the prescription

Filling and Recording Procedures

1. The prescription once filled must be

retained by the pharmacist for a period of

two years
2. The prescription must be recorded in Rx
book and ready for inspection by BFAD
FDROs when the outlet is open for
operation anytime

Questions
1. Enumerate at least two responsibilities

of the pharmacist in providing the

medication needs of the patient
a. Provide information about drugs to the
health profession and to the public legally
responsible for dispensing prescription.
b. Translate and communicate the dangers
of drug to the patient, and others

Questions
2.

Enumerate the instructions that pharmacist should

be given to the patient in filling, refilling and dispensing
legend prescriptions
A.Filling of Prescriptions
a.
danger of overdosage
b.
side effects
c.
proper storage for stability
d.
need to discard unused medication
e.
dangers to be mixed in one container

B.Refilling Prescription
a. taking drugs for longer period of time unless it is
under supervision
b. taking other medications with identical
composition which provides the same therapeutic
effect which are sometimes prescribed by other
doctor
c. taking food found in the diets that are
contraindicated to the prescribed drugs
d. letting other members of the family or friends to
use his medicine

C.Dispensing Prescription
a. the proper use of drugs
b. the need to discontinue the use of the drug if
certain reactions develop
c. the need to see the doctor if serious reactions
develop, if the condition has been a long term
problem
d. the danger of using the OTC drugs when
prescribed medication is the possible duplication of
the drug or therapeutic action
e. the danger of self-diagnosis and self medication

3. Enumerate the types of Prescription based on the number of

ingredients

A. Based on the number of ingredients

1. Simple prescription with only one ingredient
2. Compound prescription with one more than one ingredient
3. Polypharmacal prescription with ten or more than ten
ingredients
B. Magistral prescription is a prescription which is
prescribed very often by the same doctor, of the same
ingredients, and compounded by the same pharmacist
C. Coded prescription is also called blind prescription and
consists of words, symbols, to represent the name of the
drugs. This is unethical practice of doctors and pharmacist

PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Patient Information
Date
Superscription or Rx symbol
Inscription or medication prescribed
Subscription or dispensing direction
Transcription, signs and signature or the direction
to the patient
Refill, special labeling or other instruction
Prescribers signature, address, and other
pertinent information

INTERPRETATIONS
1.

Nembutal 100 mg (at bed time) ( if there is a need) ( by

mouth )
2.
Propranolol hydrochloride 40 mg (by mouth) (twice a day)
3.
Ampicillin 1 g (Intavenous piggyback) (every 6 hours)
4.
Demerol 50 mg (Intramuscularly) (every 4 hours) (if there is a
need) for pain
5.
Tylenol 325 mg tablets (2) (by mouth) (at once, immediately)
6.
Pilocarpine (2) (drops) (both eyes) (every 3 hours)
7.
Scopolamine 0.8 mg (subcutaneously) (immediately)
8.
Milk of magnesia 1 (tablespoon) (by mouth) (at bed time)
(every night)
9.
Septra DS tablet (double strength) (1) (every day) (by
mouth)

Prohibited Drugs
1.
Opium Brown mixture Tablet and Liquid
2.
Codein Codeine sulfate H.T. and T.T.
3.
Pethidine Demerol Ampul and Vial
4.
Codein Dolo-Adamon Supplement and Tablet
5.
Opium + alcohol Elixir Paregoric
6.
Fentanyl Innovar Injection
7.
Morphine Morphine Sulfate H.T., Ampule,
Tablet
8.
Alfentanyl Rapifen Injection
9.
Hydrocodone Deka Syrup
10. Dihydrocodeinone Ruminon syrup

Regulated Drugs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Amobarbital Amytal Tablet, Capsule, Ampul

Amphetamine Benzedrine Tablet
Butabarbital Butisol Sodium
Hydrocodone + Pentobarbital - Calciudrine syrup
Methamphetamine Desoxyn Tablet
Amobarbital + Dexamphetamine Dexamyl Spansule

No.1
7.
Dexamphetamine Dexedrine Spansule
8.
Propoxyphene napsylate Doloxene Plain Tablet
9.
Propoxyphene hydrochloride Doloxene compound 65
capsule
10. Pipradol Gadexyl Tablet

Regulated Drugs

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Methaqualone Mandrax Tablet

Nitrazepam Mogadon tablet
Pentobarbital Nembutal Sodium
Chloralhydrate Noctec liquid
Methylprylon Noludar Tablet
Mecloqualone Nubarene Tablet
Paraldehyde Paraldehyde ampul
Pentothal - Pentothal sodium
Ethchlorvynol Placidyl Capsule
Aprobarbital + Barbital + Phenobarbital
Plexonal

Regulated Drugs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Flunitrazepam Robypnol Tablet

Secobarbital Seconal Sodium Capsule
Ethinamate Valamin Tablet
Pentazocine Sosegon Tablet
Ephedrine
Pseuephedrine

INTERNSHIP 1

By: Nelson T. Tubon, B.S. Pharm.; B.S. S. Ed.; R.Ph.; M.S. Pharm.; Ph.D. B.M.

Exercise 7

PROCESSING
PRESCRIPTION

R
Prescription written
by authorized
prescriber

Patient presents
prescription to the
pharmacy

Prescription is checked for

completeness; prescriber
info, drug name, strength,
dose, and directions

Correct patient info is

entered into computer
system

LABEL

Prescription is prepared.
Correct amount of med
prescribed is measured and
placed into container

Prescription is prepared by
pharmacy technician, and
final check done by
pharmacist

Pharmacy label is generated.

Make sure all the legal items
are identified

Patient receives script, pharmacy

assistant must offer counseling to the
patient. Then script is rung on cash
register, and insurance log signed

Prescription is interpreted and

confirmed by pharmacy system.
Third party is billed online (optional)

Pharmacist provides counseling

on the medication prescribed and
all medically related questions

1.Howisaprescriptionprocessed?
receiving the

prescription
reading and checking
the prescription
numbering and dating
Labeling
preparing the
prescription

packaging
rechecking
delivering and patient

counseling
recording and filling
pricing the prescription

3.Whatisthepurposeofnumberingand
datingtheprescription?

The same number of the original prescription

should appear at the label of the filled

prescription to avoid error in dispensing
The date of the prescription is not the same

date that should be placed on the filled

prescription for identification purposes

4.Informationtoberecordedinthe
prescriptionbook.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

name of physician
name of the drug
quantity
date when dispensed
balance (quantity if any)
pharmacist signature, etc