Protection

Bapuji S Palki, INCRC/PowerTechnologies, 15-11-2009
Protection Application An Overview

Part 2A
ABB Group
October 20, 2016 | Slide 1
ABB Group
Layouts
Typical Parts of a Power Plant

Substation
Busbar in Substation
HV - Breaker
Power plant
Main Transformer
Auxiliary Transformer
Generator Breaker
Excitation Transformer
Excitation System
Turbine valve
Turbine - Generator
Earthing System
Field Circuit Breaker
Generator
Protection
Possible Faults
Stator Earth Faults
Rotor Earth Faults
Stator Short Circuits
Stator/Rotor Interturn faults
External faults
Generator
Protection
Abnormal Operating Condition
overcurrent/overload
unbalanced load
overtemperature
over- and undervoltage
over- and underexcitation
over- and underfrequency
over-fluxing
asynchronous running
out of step
generator motoring
failures in the machine control system (i.e.

AVR or governor failure)
failures in the machine cooling system
failures in the primary equipment (i.e.

breaker head flashover)
open phase
Following are the various protections recommended for the generator

and generator transformer protection:
Type of fault
GENERATOR
STATOR
Short Circuits
Asymmetry
Stator overload
Earth fault stator
ABB Group
ANSI Device Protection Functions

No.
87G
87GT
21G
51 / 27 G
46G
51G
64G1
64G2
Generator differential
Overall differential
Minimum impedance (or alternatively
Over current / under voltage)
Negative sequence
Overload
95% stator earth fault
100% stator earth fault
Loss of excitation
Out of step
Monitoring
40G
98G
32G / 37G
Blade fatigue
Inter turn fault
Mag. Circuits
Higher voltage
Accidental
energisation
Monitoring
81G
95G
99G
59G
27 / 50 G
ABB Group
60 G
Loss of excitation
Pole slip
Low forward power / reverse power
(double protection for large generators)
Minimum frequency
Over voltage or over current
Overfluxing volt / Hz
Over voltage
Dead machine
PT fuse failure
GENERATOR
ROTOR
Rotor ground
GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER
Short Circuits
Ground fault
Overhang
UNIT AUXILIARY
TRANSFORMER
Short circuit
Ground fault
ABB Group
64F
Rotor earth fault
87GT
51GT
87T
51NGT
87NT
87HV
Overall differential
Overcurrent
Transformer differential
Earth fault over-current
Restricted earth fault
HV winding cum overhang differential
87 UAT
51 UAT
51 UAT
64 UAT
Transformer differential
Over-current
Restricted over-current
Restricted earth fault
50/51
Unit aux.
transformer
64F
Field winding
ground-fault
RAGRA
(RXNB4)
1) Instruments
ABB Group
Protection
and Monitoring
REG 670 Different applications
REG 670 provides extensive

protection and monitoring functionality
1ph U
3ph U
The REG 670 provides protection functions and

concepts for:
Turbine (frequency, reverse power)
Generator (Main1/Main2, Main/Back-up)
Generator transformer/Step-up transformer
Auxiliary/Station service transformer
Excitation transformer
3ph I
1ph U
1ph I
3ph I
1ph U
REG 670 focus on the

optimized integration and function
to protect your generator
IEC 61850
A Breakthrough for Substation Automation
One world
One technology
One standard
IEC 61850
Combining the best properties in a new way...
ABB Group
Power transformers in a power system

400 kV AC Transmission
130 kV Subtransmission
Generation
MV
Distribution
LV
M
ABB Group
315MVA Transformer
ABB Group
Cooling
Outer Ci rcui t
Heat
Di ssi pati on
Pump
opti onal
I nner Ci rcui t
H eat
Producti on
(Core and
Wi ndi ngs)
F an
opti onal
ABB Group
Oi l i mmersed
Tank
In principle the larger the losses in the Inner

Circuit the larger the size of the Outer Circuit
(coolers or radiators)
There is nevertheless a limit either due to
the size of the coolers or to the impossibility
of cooling a certain spot (hot-spot) in the
Inner Circuit
A pump to move the oil is often unnecessary.
The generated heat will act as a siphon
Types of Internal Faults
ABB Group
Earth faults
Short-circuits
Inter turn Faults
Core Faults
Tank Faults
Reduced cooling
Abnormal Conditions
ABB Group
Overload
Over voltage
Reduced system voltage
Over excitation
Overload Capability
It is possible to overload power transformers
Older transformers may withstand 140% continuously
Overloading and loss of cooling causes overheating
ABB Group
Protective Relays Used ( Transformers > 5 MVA)
Gas detector relay ( Buchholz)
Over load protection
Thermal relays
Temperature monitoring relays
Over current protection
Ground fault protection
Differential protection
Interturn faults
Pressure relay for tap changer
Oil level monitor
ABB Group
Protective Relays Used ( Transformers < 5

MVA)
Gas detector relay
Overload protection
Overcurrent protection
Ground fault protection
ABB Group
Monitors
Monitors are very important devices which detect
faults and abnormal service conditions which may
develop into fault.
ABB Group
Transformer Monitors
Mechanical fault detectors
Sudden gas pressure protection
Buchholz protection
Oil level monitoring
Temperature Monitoring
ABB Group
The oil thermometer
The winding thermometer
Transformer protection with 670/650 series

Introduction
Transformer Protection
670/650 series
Openness
and flexibility
Reliable Operation
Complementary
functionality
Control Capabilities
Communication
Offering and
application examples
Technology Summary
Relion
Summary
ABB Group
November 2009
| Slide 23
670 series optimized for generation

and transmission applications provide
versatile functionality, maximum
flexibility and performance to meet
the highest requirements of any
application in generation and
transmission protection systems.
650 series your best choice for subtransmission applications provide offthe-shelf, ready to use solutions for
transformer protection applications
primarily in sub-transmission
networks.
Fully compliant to the IEC 61850 standard

Introduction
Line Distance Protection
670/650 series
Reliable Operation
Complementary
functionality
Communication
Offering and
Technology Summary
Relion
Summary
ABB Group
November 2009
| Slide 24
Unrivalled compatibility for new and

retrofit installations
Designed for IEC 61850,

implementing the core values of this
standard
Ensures open, future-proof and

flexible system architectures, with
state-of-the-art performance
Interoperates with other IEC 61850

compliant IEDs
ABB Group
The reactor absorbs the capacitive power

generated in long lines
ABB Group
Shunt Reactor
ABB Group
A B C
A B C
R
Lp
Lp Lp
Ln
ABB Group
General
Shunt reactors are used in EHV systems to limit the over

voltages due to capacitive VAR generation in Long
Transmission Lines
The shunt reactors are normally connected
Through isolators to a line
Through circuit breakers to a busbar
ABB Group
Through circuit breakers to the tertiary of a Interconnecting

transformer
Different locations of reactor
ABB Group
Internal Faults
Faults occur in shunt reactors due to insulation breakdown, ageing of
insulation, overheating due to over excitation, oil contamination and
leakage
Dry air-core reactors
Phase-to-phase faults , resulting in high magnitude phase current
Phase-to-earth faults ,, resulting in a low-magnitude earth-fault

current, dependent upon the size of the system earthing.
Turn-to-turn faults within the reactor bank, resulting in a very small

change in phase current
Oil-immersed reactors
High current phase-to-phase and phase-to-earth faults.
Turn-to-turn faults within the reactor winding.
Miscellaneous failures such as loss of cooling or low oil
ABB Group
Abnormal Conditions
Inrush currents
Inrush currents flow in connection with energisation
Inrush currents usually lower than 200% of rated

current
Transient overvoltages
Temporary overvoltages
ABB Group
Shunt Reactor Protections
ABB Group
Distance protection
Phase over current protection
Restricted earth fault protection
Oil temperature and winding temperature

protection
Monitors
Monitors are very important devices which detect
faults and abnormal service conditions which may
develop into fault.
ABB Group
Reactor Monitors
Sudden gas pressure protection
Buchholz protection
Oil level monitoring
Temperature Monitoring
ABB Group
The oil thermometer
The winding thermometer
Shunt reactor protection and control

Introduction
Transformer Protection
670/650 series
Openness
and flexibility
Reliable Operation
Complementary
functionality
Communication
Offering and
Technology Summary
Relion
Summary
ABB Group
November 2009
| Slide 36
Protection
Phase segregated biased

differential protection
Low impedance restricted

earth-fault
High impedance differential

protection
Switching control for lines

and buses
ABB Group
Capacitor Construction
ABB Group
Power
PowerFactor
FactorCorrection
Correction
Working Power (kW)
Reactive Power (kVAR)
KW is the Working Power component
kVAR is the Non- Working Power or Reactive Power component to serve inductive loads, which require magnetizing current:
Motors, Transformers, Lighting ballast
KVA is the Total Power required to serve a load
Capacitors supply the reactive power component
Power Factor is a measurement of how efficiently power is being used.
ABB Group
Increased
IncreasedSystem
SystemCapacity
Capacity
Extra capacity for more KVA
released system capacity
Total Power (KVA) = Working Power (KW) Power Factor

Power Factor
Real Power kW
Reactive Power kVAR
Total Power kVA
60%
600
800
1000
70%
600
612
857
80%
600
450
750
90%
600
291
667
100%
600
Zero
600
By supplying reactive current (kVAR) close to the load, capacitors release system
capacity on the entire system and reduce costs.
ABB Group
Voltage
VoltageStability
Stability
A feeder circuit will have a voltage drop related to the

impedance of the line and the power factor
Adding capacitance will actually cause a voltage rise by

supplying reactive current to the bus
(less current = less voltage drop)
ABB Group
Products
Capacitors HV Products / Filter Capacitor Banks
Improving the performance, quality

and efficiency of electrical systems
ABB Group
Capacitor banks- General
Normally used in MV networks to generate reactive power
Series reactors are used to limit inrush current
Harmonic filters for thyristor controlled reactors are also

variation of capacitor banks having reactance tuned to
capacitance
Shunt
Capacitors-General
Shunt Capacitor Faults
Terminal shunt faults
Capacitor unit failures
Capacitor unit over voltages
Capacitor rack arc-over
Abnormal Conditions
Inrush currents
Transient over voltages
Temporary over voltages
Out rush currents
Capacitor Bank Protections
Short -circuit protection
(3I >>)
Ground-fault protection
(I )
Overload protection(3I/U >)
Under current protection
(I/U <)
Unbalance protection
(IN-N)
Fusing
Capacitor Fusing
Internally Fused
Fuse
ABB Group
Externally Fused
Discharge Resistor
Internal Strings
Fuseless
Conventional
SPAJ
160 C : Unbalance , Overload and

Under current functions
Bapuji S Palki, INCRC/PowerTechnologies, 15-11-2009
Protection Application An Overview

Part 2B
ABB Group
ABB Group
The Electric Utility
Power Evacuation Substation

Transmission Substation
Switching Substation
Distribution Substation
ABB Group
Transmission Line
ABB Group
Electrical faults in the power system
Transmission lines
85%
Busbar
12%
Transformer/ Generator
3%
100%
ABB Group
Fault types
ABB Group
Transient faults
are common on transmission lines, approximately 80-85%
lightnings are the most common reason
can also be caused by birds, falling trees, swinging lines

etc.
will disappear after a short dead interval
Persistent faults
can be caused by a broken conductor fallen down
can be a tree falling on a line
must be located and repaired before normal service
Measuring principles
ABB Group
Phase comparison
Distance protection
Directional- wave protection
Are normally used in radial networks with system voltage

below 70 kV where relatively long operating time is
acceptable.
On transmission lines directional or nondirectional over

current relays are used as back-up protections.
I>
block
ABB Group
I>
I>
I>
Pilot wire differential protection
ABB Group
Pilot wires can be in soil or on towers.
The resistance in the wires will limit the use on

longer lines. The use is mostly restricted to
distances up to 10 km.
Digital differential communication

L1
L2
L3
DL1
DL2
DL3
ABB Group
Digital communication with

optical fibres or by
multiplexed channels
DL1
DL2
DL3
Phase comparison
load
>
I1
>
Phase comparison relays compare

the angle difference between the two
currents at both ends of the line.
The measured time for zero crossing

is transmitted to the other end.
Normally a start criteria is added to

the phase angle requirement.
I2
I1 I2
e
1
e
2
e1 e
-
I2
func-
tion
I1
I2
ABB Group
The principle of distance protection
ZK=Uk/Ik
Uk
Uk=0
metallic fault
Zk
Z<
ABB Group
Ik
Fault resistance
multi-phase faults
consist only of arc resistance
L1
L1
L2
L2
L3
earth faults
consist of arc and tower
footing resistance
Warringtons
formula
Rarc =
L3
28707 x L
ABB Group
1.4
L= length of arc in
meters
I= the actual fault current in
A
Footing resistance
Distance protection on short lines

jX
Quadrilateral characteristic improves

sensitivity for higher RF/XF ratio
It still has some limitations:
RF
XF
ABB Group
the value of set RF/XF ratio is

limited to 5
jX
Distance protection on long lines
Load impedance limits the reach in

resistive direction
High value of RF/XF ratio is generally not

necessary
Circular (mho) characteristic
ABB Group
Has no strictly defined reach in

resistive direction
Needs limitations in resistive
direction (blinder)
t
t3
t2
t1
B
f
1
Z<
C
f
3
f
2
Z<
Z<
Z<
t
t3
t2
l
ABB Group
t1
Reach setting of zones
R/ X Relation
GFC (General Fault Criterion)

GFC
ZL
ZL
Zb
ABB Group
PLCC equipment
ABB Group
Power Swing Blocking function

X
Power swing
locus
R
t
t = 40 ms
ABB Group
Series compensated system

jX
XC =70%
Xl =100%
100%
F1
gape flashed
B
A
70%
ABB Group
R
gape not flashed
Consideration for line

distance protections
Correct direction discrim-ination

at voltage reversal (negative
fault reactance)
variation in resulted line
impedance
Line distance protection with Relion 670/650 series

For maximum reliability of your power system
Introduction
Line
Distance Protection
670/650
series
Reliable
Operation
Complementary
functionality
Control
Capabilities
Full scheme distance protection

with independent phase selection
Power swing detection
Wide range of scheme

communication logics
Five zone distance protection
Communication
Offering
and
application
Technology
Relion
examples
Summary
Phase to phase
Phase to earth faults
Summary
ABB Group
November 2009
Slide 70
Fully compliant to the IEC 61850 standard

Introduction
Line
Distance Protection
670/650
series
Reliable
Operation
Complementary
Unrivalled compatibility for new and

retrofit installations
Designed for IEC 61850,

implementing the core values of this
standard
Ensures open, future-proof and

flexible system architectures, with
state-of-the-art performance
Interoperates with other IEC 61850

compliant IEDs
functionality
Control
Capabilities
Communication
Offering
and
application
Technology
Relion
examples
Summary
Summary
ABB Group
November 2009
Slide 71
ABB Group
Auto
Auto reclosing
reclosing Cycle
Cycle
OH-lines
High fault-rate
(80-90%)
Fast
simultaneous
Fault clearing
ABB Group
AUTORECLOSING
AUTORECLOSINGCYCLE
CYCLE
OH-lines
Intermittent faults
(80-90%)
Successful
AR-rate :
High (80-90%)
ABB Group
Auto reclosing principles
95% of faults are transient type
3 Ph autoreclosing synchrocheck is used
1 Ph autoreclosing needs identification of

faulty phase
ABB Group
Helps verify phase angles are not out of phase

e.g: due to heavy power swing
Phase identification is difficult for high resistance

faults
Single-pole Reclosing
Single-Pole Reclosing
A B C
ABB Group
A B C
Artificial extinction of secondary arc by Fixed

Four-reactor Scheme
ABC
ABC
R
Lp Lp Lp
Ln
ABB Group
Synchronism and Energizing check

UBus
ULine
UBus
FreqDiff < 50-300 mHz

o
PhaseDiff < 5-75
UDiff < 5-50% Ur
UHigh > 50-120% Ur
U Bus
1-ph
U Line
3-ph (or 1-ph)
ULow < 10-100% Ur

SYNC-BLOCK
ABB Group
Fuse fail
ULine
ABB Group
Need for Busbar protection
In its absence fault clearance takes place in Zone-II of

distance relay by remote end tripping
This means slow and unselective tripping and wide spread

black out
Effect of delayed clearance
Greater damage at fault point
Indirect shock to connected equipments like shafts

of Generator and windings of transformer.
ABB Group
Types of BB Protections
High impedance
Medium impedance
Low impedance
Blockable O/C relay ( For radial systems in

distribution systems)
ABB Group
High impedance bus differential relay
Basic features
SETTINGVR > IF ( RCT + 2 RL)
VK > 2 VR
RL
VR
RCT
B
FORVRTOBEZEROFOR
EXTERNALFAULT
nA = n B
1 + RA / ZA
1 + RB / ZB
n=TURNSRATIO
R = RCT + 2 RL
Z=MAGNETIZINGIMPEDANCE
ABB Group
Limitations of High impedance differential relay
ABB Group
Puts stringent requirements on CTs
Need for dedicated CTs
Identical CT ratios , magnetising impedances
Aux CTs not acceptable
Inability to cope with increasing fault levels
RADSS medium
impedance relay
IR1
T MD
n MD
Ud3
dR
D2
US
ABB Group
D1
REB500 - Numerical Busbar

and Breaker Failure Protection
ABB Network Partner AG
REB 500
C
E
Distributed installation
REB 500
C
E
Bay Unit
Central Unit
REB 500
REB 500
C
E
Bay Unit
REB 500
C
E
Bay Unit
C
E
Bay Unit
ABB Group
Advantages of medium/ Low impedance relays
Free from any need for Identical CT ratios or matched CTs
Other relays can be included in the same CT core
Increasing fault levels have no impact
ABB Group
1000/5
200/5
500/5
5A
3.5A
5/1
500A
200A
700A
5/0.5
5/0.2
0.7A
0.2A
Diff. relay
RADSS IN SINGLE BUS

ABB Group
5A
0.5A
REQUIREMENTS ON THE ISOLATOR AUXILIARY CONTACTS

Isolator Aux. Contact a should
close before the primary contact
a
C Throw-over relay
0%
Main
contact
Aux.
Contact
a
Aux.
Contact
b
ABB Group
closes and
Aux contact b closes after the
primary contact opens.
100%
DOUBLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH TRANSFER BUS

BUS - A
BUS - B
AUX. BUS
ABB Group
1- BREAKER SYSTEM
RADSS - A
L1
L3
L5
L2
L4
L6
BUS - A
BUS - B
RADSS - B
ABB Group
Busbar Protection REB670
ABB Group
April 2009
Slide 91
ABB Group
History - Circuit breaker development

Example: 420 kV
Air Blast
around 1960
ABB Group
Oil Minimum
SF6 Gas
around 1980
todays
technology
Interrupters
Interrupter design
ABB Group
Relay back-up
RELAY
SYSTEM
CHANNEL
52
50
52a
52 52a
RELAY
SYSTEM
CHANNEL
+
ABB Group
Breaker back-up
5
Z<
8
3
ForunclearedfaultshownCBstobetrippedare1,3,4&6
ABB Group
Classical CBFP
Breaker Failure Protection
I>
I>
I>
I>
+
if trip
from
relay
ABB Group
t
trip
ABB Group
Introduction
Majority faults are earth faults
Earth fault protection depends on type of earthing
Effectively earthed
Reactance earthed
High resistance earthed
Resonance earthed
ABB Group
Measurement of earth fault current
ABB Group
Measurement of zero sequence voltage

L1
L2
L3
U0>
Earth fault protection in solidly earthed

systems
IDMT earth fault relays
are used to detect earth
faults in effectively earthed
system
ABB Group
Directional Earth Fault Relay
ABB Group
Directional earth fault relays are used
Can use communication link
Inrush current stabilization may be required for

sensitive settings
Directional earth fault relay for High

resistance earthed system
Directional earth fault relay used when in feed of capacitive current from an object is higher than 60% of
required sensitivity
Measures active component of fault current
ABB Group
Earth fault in resonance earthed network

A B C
I01
C0
I02
L
RL
U0
Ief
R0
Earth fault in isolated network

A B C
I01
C0
U0
I02
Ief
R0
Directional earth fault relay
ABB Group
Restricted earth fault relay
ABB Group
ABB Group
What is Substation Automation ?

A combination of:
ABB Group
Protection
Monitoring
Control
Communication
What is Substation Automation ?
Substitution for conventional control panels
Substitution for other sub systems
A more efficient way of controlling your substation
ABB Group
Theconventionalway
Control Board
Telecontrol
RTU
Alarming
Synchronization
Busbar
Protection
MARSHALING RACK
Local
ControlTELE-
ABB Group
Interlocking
ALARMING
Measuring
NISATION
Bay
BUSBAR
Protection
PROTECTION
System Engineering Tool
The New Way
Station
Monitoring
System
Station HMI
Gateway
Station Clock
Communication only
during engineering
IED Tool
Station bus
Bay
Control
Web Client
Object
Protection
Control &
Protection
Multi Object
Protection
IEDs
Process bus
Merging Unit
ABB Group
Merging Unit
Multi Bay
Control
Conventional Control & Protection

Fault
Recording
Station Level
ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1
125VDC Distributuio n Battery A
=D04+R01
125VDC Distrib utuion Battery B
Bay Protection
ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1
125VDC Distributuion Battery A
Busbar Protection
ABB
=D04+R01
ABB
=D04+R01
225kV LIGN E ABOBO 1
125VDC Distributuion Battery B
ABB
Event
Recording
=D04+R01
ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1
125VDC Distributuion BatteryA
=D04+R01
RTU 200IN 1 IN 2 IN 3 IN 4 IN 5 IN 6 IN 7 IN 8 OUT
ON/OFF
BAY CONTROL RELAY REC316*4
ON/OFF
LOCAL CONTROL
METERING
ABB
ON/OFF
LINE PROTECTION RELAY REL316*4

ABB
BUSBAR PROTECTION REB500
ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1
ABB
Bay Level
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1
SCADA
RTU
For each function a

dedicated device
and separate Panel
Control
Panel
ABB
=D04+R01
ABB
=W1
=W2
-Q1
SEL
-Q2
SEL
-Q0
SEL
TESTE
LAMPE
Extensive station wide cabling
OUVRIRFERMER
ABB
ESC
EXE
Local
Control
DISTANC E
LOC
Process Level
Marshalling
Extensive bay cabling
GIS or AIS
Switchgear
-Q2
-Q0
-Q1
-Q9
-Q8
Substitution of Conventional Technology

Bay Control/Protection Cubicles
Fllanden
Steuerung / Schutz
Fllanden
Steuerung / Schutz
MicroSCADA
=AD17-KB2
=AD17-KB2
Feldsteuergert REC216 mit Messung und Synchrocheck
Interbay bus
Ethernet Switches
d gi tal
LEITUN GSHAUPTSCHUTZ REL316*4

I
0
I
0
STUFENVERL. WE-BLOCK
LEITUNGSHAUPTSCHUTZ REL316*4
I
0
I
0
PRFSTECKER
Reset
AUS
I
0
AUS
I
0
SCHUTZ EIN/AUS
-Q2
-Q1
di gi t al
SCHUTZ EIN/AUS
PRFSTECKER
Reset
COM 581
ABBPower Automation AG
COM581
NCC / RCC
Communication
Converter
-Q0
-Q8
Marshalling
-Q9
Control Cubicle
Relays for control / logic
Transducers, Meters
Switches, Lamps
Annunciators, Terminals
Protection Cubicle
SER / Fault Recorder
SCADA RTU
NCC / RCC
Modern Substation Automation (SA)

Bay Control/Protection Cubicles
Fllanden
Steuerung / Schutz
Fllanden
Steuerung / Schutz
=AD17-KB2
MicroSCADA
=AD17-KB2
220VDC SPANNUNG SYS 1 220VDC SPANNUNG SYS 2
220VDC SPANNUNG SYS 1 220VDC SPANNUNG SYS 2

I
0
VERRIEGELUNG
Interbay bus
Ethernet Switches
d gi tal
0
VERRIEGELUNG
LEITUN GSHAUPTSCHUTZ REL316*4

I
LEITUNGSHAUPTSCHUTZ REL316*4
I
-Q2
-Q1
PRFSTECKER
Reset
AUS
AUS
I
0
SCHUTZ EIN/AUS
RESERVESCHUTZ
I
-X1
SYNCHRONISIERUNG HAND
AUS
0
SCHUTZ EIN/AUS
RESERVESCHUTZ
I
-X1
SYNCHR ONISIERUNG HAND
AUS
2 x 220/24V DC/DC SPANNUNGSVERSORGUNG
-Q0
-Q8
COM 581
SCHUTZ EIN/AUS
2 x 220/24V DC/DC SPANNUNGSVERSORGUNG
COM581
NCC / RCC
Communication
Converter
C
E
Marshalling
-Q9
di gi t al
SCHUTZ EIN/AUS
PRFSTECKER
Reset
SAMMELSCHIENENSCHUTZ REB500
SAMMELSCHIENENSCHUTZ REB500
I
0
Still extensive bay cabling
Modern SA Architecture
Station Level
Network Control
Center NCC
ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1

A BB
Bay Level
=D04+R01
125VDC Distr ibutuion Battery B
AB B Net work P art n er
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Basic Functionality
Bus
REL 3 1
6* 4
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

ABB
=D04 ABOBO 1
POW ER MONI TO RIN G UNI T

= W1
= W2
- Q1
S EL
-Q2
SEL
- Q0
S EL
LA MP E
T ES T E
OUV RIR
F E RME R
ESC
EXE
ABB
A BB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DIS T ANCE
L OC
LOCAL CONTRO L
METERING
REL 3 1
6* 4
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
LINE PRO TECTION RELAY REL316*4

A BB
A B B Ne tw o rk P art ne r
RE B 50 0
-Q2
-Q0
-Q1
-Q9
-Q8
Features and Benefits
Interbay
Process Level
COM581
Implementation of Intelligent Technology

Intelligent Primary Equipment
MicroSCADA
ABB
=D04 +R01
225k V LI GNE ABOBO 1
125VDC Dis tr ibutuion Battery A

AB B
125VDC Distributuion Batt ery B

RE L31 6 *4
A B B Ne tw o rk Pa rt ner
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

ABB
=D04 ABOBO 1
PO W
E R MONIT O RI NG UNI T
=W 1
=W 2
M M
-Q1
SE L
- Q2
S EL
-Q0
SE L
Interbay bus
Ethernet Switches
-Q2
AB B
-Q2
-Q1
-Q51
-Q0
-Q0
-T1
-Q9
-Q8
-Q9
-Q8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
PISA
Drive control &

monitoring
circuitry
FE RME R
ES C
EX E
DI S TAN CE
LOCAL SET
REMOTEOPERATION
L OC
METERING
RE L31 6 *4
di gi t al
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
PISA
A
PISA
A
PISA
B
Sampling
AD-Conversion
Signal Processing
Signal Filtering
i it l
LINE PROTECTI ON RELAY REL316*4

AB B
RE B5 00
COM 581
COM581
NCC / RCC
Communication
Converter
Feeder Marshalling
-Q1
OUV RI R
d gi tal
LA MP E
T ES T E
ABB
LOCAL CONTROL
Process
Bus
Intelligent SA Architecture
Bus
ABB
Bay Level
=D04 +R01
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1
125VDC Distribut uion Battery A

A BB

REL 3 16*4
A B B Ne tw o rk P a rtn er
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

ABB
= D04 ABOBO 1
P OW ER M ONI TORI NG UNI T

=W
1
=W
2
M M
-Q1
S EL
-Q2
SEL
-Q0
S EL
L A MP E
TE S T E
ABB
OUV RI R
F E RME R
ES C
EXE
LOCAL SET
REMOTEOPERATION
LOCAL CONT ROL

A BB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DI S TA NCE
LOC
METERING
A B B Ne tw o rk P a rtn er
REL 3 16*4
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

A BB
RE B50 0
BUSBAR PROTECT IO N REB500
-Q2
-Q0
-Q1
-Q51
PISA
A
PISA
B
PISA
A
PISA
Process B
us
-T1
-Q9
-Q8
Basic Functionality
Interbay
Process Level
COM581
FEATURES AND BENEFITS
Station Level
Network Control
Center NCC
Functional Structure of Modern SA

Functions Allocation
Station Level
Network Control
Center NCC
C
E
Interbay
Bus
ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1

A BB
=D04+R01
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Bay Level
Process Level
COM581
Scalable System Extensions

SCADA
Remote Communication
Fault evaluation
Monitoring
Events and alarms
Supervision & Control
Data Exchange
REL 3 1
6* 4
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Monitoring
ABB
=D04 ABOBO 1
POW ER MONI TO RIN G UNI T

= W1
= W2
- Q1
S EL
-Q2
SEL
- Q0
S EL
LA MP E
T ES T E
OUV RIR
F E RME R
ESC
EXE
ABB
A BB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DIS T ANCE
L OC
LOCAL CONTRO L
METERING
REL 3 1
6* 4
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
LINE PRO TECTION RELAY REL316*4

A BB
RE B 50 0
GIS or AIS Switchgear

Instrument Transformers
Power Transformers
Surge Arresters
-Q2
-Q0
-Q1
-Q9
-Q8
Intelligent Substation Automation

Functional Structure
Functions Allocation
Station Level
Network Control
Center NCC
COM581
C
E
Interbay
Bus
ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1

AB B
Bay Level
=D04+R01

RE L 316 *4
A B B Ne t work P art ne r
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Scalable System
Extensions
SCADA
Remote Communication
Fault evaluation
Monitoring
Events and alarms
Supervision & Control
Data Exchange
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
BAY CONTRO L RELAY REC316*4

AB B
=D04 ABOBO 1
POWE R MONIT ORI NG UNI T

=W1
=W2
M M
-Q1
SE L
Monitoring
-Q2
S EL
-Q0
SE L
L A MP E
TE S T E
ABB
OUV RI R
F E RME R
ESC
EXE
LOCAL SET
REMOTEOPERATION
LOCAL CONTRO L
AB B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DI ST A NCE
L OC
METERING
A B B Ne t work P art ne r
RE L 316 *4
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
LINE PROT ECTION RELAY REL316*4

A BB
REB 5
00
-Q2
-Q0
-Q1
-Q51
PISA
A
PISA
B
PISA
A
PISA
Process Level
Process B
us
-T1
-Q9
-Q8
Intelligent or smart
AIS / GIS Switchgear
Data acquisition
Sensors & Actuators
Power Transformers
Surge Arrestors
Intelligent SA: Control, Protection and Sensors

ABB
Actuator for
isolator &
earthing
switch
control
PISA PISA
PISA
ABB
=D04+R01
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1

ABB

REL316*4
ABB Network Partner
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Line Protection 1 I
Abgangsschutz

=D04 ABOBO 1
ABB
POWER MONITORING UNIT
PISA
=W1
=W2
-Q1
SEL
-Q2
SE L
-Q0
SEL
LAMPE
TESTE
Switches
? ABB
LOCAL
OUVRIR
FERMER
ESC
EXE
SET
REMOTE
LOCAL CONTROL
Actuator for
circuit breaker
control
ABB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DISTANCE
Bay Controller
Feldleitgert
LOC
OPERATION
METERING
REL316*4
ABB Network Partner
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
PISA
A
Line Protection 2 II
Abgangsschutz
PISA
A
ABB
ABB Network Partner
REB500
PISA
B
Sensors for
current &
voltage
measurement
Process Bus
Busbar Protection
Interbay bus 1
Interbay bus 2
Monitoring via IEDs for Protection
Advanced analysis
tools
Alarm Classes
Automatic printing
Summary report
GPS
User friendly
visualization
Universal Time
synchronization
CONCISE / FAST
Distance to Fault
Mo 12. 11. 96
GMT 17:02.43.305
Ayer Rajah & Labrador
Feeder One
Sequence of Events
IED Parameter
# Of trips
C
E
REL 316*4
REL 316*4
10
10
11
11
10
12
12
11
13
13
12
14
14
13
15
15
14
16
16
15
16
REL 316*4
C
E
Station level supervision
Single Line Diagram:
Diagnostic: Fault Recording and Evaluation
Automatic
fault location
printout
Remote Control via Network Control Centre (NCC)
ThegoaloftheIEC61850standard
Interoperability
TheabilityforIEDsfromoneorseveralmanufacturer
toexchangeinformationandusetheinformationfor
thetheirownfunctions.
Free Configuration Thestandardshallsupportdifferentphilosophiesand

allowafreeallocationoffunctionse.g.itwillwork
equallywellforcentralized(RTUlike)ordecentralized
(SCSlike)systems.
Long Term Stability Thestandardshallbefutureproof,i.e.itmustbeable
tofollowtheprogressincommunicationtechnologyas
wellasevolvingsystemrequirements.
ABB Group
ABB Group

Protection

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Protection

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Bapuji S Palki, INCRC/PowerTechnologies, 15-11-2009

Protection Application An Overview

Typical Parts of a Power Plant

Field Circuit Breaker

Stator Earth Faults

Rotor Earth Faults

Stator Short Circuits

Stator/Rotor Interturn faults

Abnormal Operating Condition

over- and undervoltage

over- and underexcitation

over- and underfrequency

failures in the machine control system (i.e.

failures in the machine cooling system

failures in the primary equipment (i.e.

Following are the various protections recommended for the generator

ANSI Device Protection Functions

Rotor earth fault

REG 670 Different applications

REG 670 provides extensive

The REG 670 provides protection functions and

Turbine (frequency, reverse power)

Generator (Main1/Main2, Main/Back-up)

Generator transformer/Step-up transformer

Auxiliary/Station service transformer

REG 670 focus on the

A Breakthrough for Substation Automation

Combining the best properties in a new way...

Power transformers in a power system

In principle the larger the losses in the Inner

Types of Internal Faults

Inter turn Faults

Reduced system voltage

It is possible to overload power transformers

Older transformers may withstand 140% continuously

Overloading and loss of cooling causes overheating

Protective Relays Used ( Transformers > 5 MVA)

Gas detector relay ( Buchholz)

Over load protection

Temperature monitoring relays

Over current protection

Ground fault protection

Pressure relay for tap changer

Oil level monitor

Protective Relays Used ( Transformers < 5

Gas detector relay

Ground fault protection

Mechanical fault detectors

Sudden gas pressure protection

Oil level monitoring

The oil thermometer

The winding thermometer

Transformer protection with 670/650 series

670 series optimized for generation

Fully compliant to the IEC 61850 standard

Unrivalled compatibility for new and

Designed for IEC 61850,

Ensures open, future-proof and

Interoperates with other IEC 61850

The reactor absorbs the capacitive power

Shunt reactors are used in EHV systems to limit the over

Through isolators to a line

Through circuit breakers to a busbar