HYDRATION OF CEMENT

&

SPECIAL TYPES OF CEMENT

Presented By,

D.SARATHKUMAR.,B.E.,

(710015813007)

II-Year- M.E-Structural Engineering(Part Time)

Anna University Regional Campus,
Coimbatore-641 046

CONTENT
The discussion is divided into
following sections.
Hydration-Introduction
Hydration Process or Mechanism
Heat of Hydration
Factors Affecting Hydration
Special Types of Cement
References

HYDRATION- INTRODUCTION
Chemical
reaction
take
place
between cement and water is
referred as hydration.
Hydration is the reaction(Series of
chemical reactions) of cement with
water
to
form
the
binding
material(C-S-H Gel).

Structure of C-S-H gel

Structure of 1.4 nm tobermorite, a sheet like silicate composed of

octahedral layers and silicate chains. The silica tetrahedra can be
replaced by hydroxil ions. If part the bridging tetrahedra (B) are
replaced only paired groups remain explaining the dimer signal in
NMR studies.

Structure of C-S-H gel

x
c

C-S-H gel models

Structural water
Adsorbed water
Capillary pore
C-S-H layer
C-S-H particle

HYDRATION- INTRODUCTION
Bogues Compounds
Name of the

Formula

Compound

Abbreviated

Percentage

Formula

Tri-calcium
Silicate

3CaO.SiO2

C3S

25-50

Di-calcium
Silicate

2CaO.SiO2

C2S

20-45

Tri-Calcium
Aluminate

3CaO.Al2O3

C3A

5-12

Tetra Calcium
Aluminoferrite

4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O

C4AF

6-12

HYDRATION- INTRODUCTION

In presence of water, the silicates(C3S and

C2S) and Aluminates(C3A and C4AF) form
products of hydration which in time
produce a firm(Solid) and hard mass - the
hydrated cement paste

HYDRATION PROCESS CALCIUM SILICATE

(C3S & C2S)

HYDRATION PROCESS-C3S
Calcium Silicate Hydrates

3 CaO.2SiO.3H2O + 3Ca(OH)2

2(3CaO.SiO2)+6H2O
OR

2C3S+6H

C3S2H3 + 3Ca(OH)2

Tri-calcium Silicate hydrates rapidly and forms earlier

strength of the concrete .
C3S produce more amount heat during hydration process.
Cement with more content of C3S is better cold weather
concreting.

HYDRATION PRODUCTS

SEM micrographs of fractured C3S pastes (w/c = 0.4) in pure water at (A) 7 days, (B)
13 days, (C) 1 month of hydration

HYDRATION PRODUCTS

Early Porous C-S-H gel (Eternite shingle, 2100x)

Late dense C-S-H gel (Eternite shingle, 800x)

HYDRATION PROCESS-C2S
Calcium Silicate Hydrates

3CaO.2SiO.3H2O + 3Ca(OH)2

2(2CaO.SiO2)+4H2O
OR

2C2S+4H

C3S2H3 + Ca(OH)2

Di-calcium Silicate hydrates slowly and it is

responsible for progressive strength of the
concrete.
C S
produce less amount heat during
3
hydration process.
Responsible for major strength of concrete.

HYDRATION PROCESS- CA(OH)2

The other products of hydration of C3S and C2S is

Calcium Hydroxide.
Lack of durability of concrete, is on account of the
presence of calcium Hydroxide.
Ca(OH)2 reacts with sulphates presents in soil or
water to form Calcium Sulphate which further
reacts with C3A and causes the deterioration of
concrete. This reaction is known as the sulphate
attack.

HYDRATION PROCESS- CA(OH)2

The use of blending materials such as fly

ash ,silica fume& other pozzolanic
materials are steps to over come the
sulphate attack.

Pozzolan + Calcium hydroxide+ water

C-S-H (Gel)

Only advantage is that Ca(OH)2,being

alkaline in nature maintain pH value around
13 in the concrete which resists the corrosion
of reinforcements.

HYDRATION PROCESSCALCIUM ALUMINATE

HYDRATES (C3A&C4AF)

HYDRATION PROCESS-C3A
Calcium Aluminate Hydrates

3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O

3CaO.Al2O3+H2O
OR

C3A + H

C3AH6

Tri-calcium Aluminate hydrates rapidly about 225o C.

C3A produce large amount heat during hydration process.

Hydrated aluminates do not contributes anything to the

strength of concrete, but it will be give durability of
concrete.

HYDRATION PROCESS-C4AF
4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3+H2O
OR

C4AF + H

The

3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O
+CaO.Fe2O3.H2O
C3AH6

hydrates of C4AF show a

comparatively higher resistance
to the attack of sulphates.

HYDRATION PRODUCTS

Lathshaped AFm (sulfatefree) crystals (3900x)

Ettringite (sulfatefree) crystals (1500x)

All images are from fiber concrete

samples.
Hydrogarnets (1500x)

Volume relationships

w/c is 0.5 for (a)

is 1.0 for (b)

Hydration mechanisms
in Portland cement

Hydration mechanisms
in Portland cement

HEAT HYDRATION
The

Hydration of cement with water is

exothermic.

Exothermic-An

exothermic reaction is a
chemical reaction that releases by light
or heat.

The

liberation of heat is called heat of

hydration.

HEAT HYDRATION

Study and control of hydration becomes important in

mass construction(like dams.etc.,)
Heat evolution due to the reaction of solution of
aluminates(C3S) and sulphates.(C3A)
Initial heat evolution ceases quickly when
solubility of aluminates is depressed by gypsum.

the

The next heat evolution is on account of formation of

ettringite and reaction of C3S.
Ettringite-Calcium
Hydrates(C6AS3H32).

Aluminate

tri-sulphate

HEAT EVOLUTION DURING PORTLAND CEMENT HYDRATION

preinduction period

heat evolution rate W/kg

II
acceleration period

III

Induction (dormant) period

10

20

30

time (hours)

TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF THE PRODUCTS

Temporal evolution of the hydration hydration products (Kurtis, )

HEAT EVOLUTION AND HYDRATION REACTIONS I

Ettringite to monosulfate
transformation and further
aluminate hydration
C3A hydration
Formation of ettringite
Ettringite coating
retards further
aluminate hydration

Relationship between reactions and heat evolution

FACTORS AFFECTING
HYDRATION
Chemical

Composition of Cement
Cement Type
Sulfate Content
Fineness of Cement
Water Cement Ratio
Curing Temperature
Effect of Admixtures

SPECIAL TYPES OF
CEMENT
Acid

Resistance Cement
Blast Furnace Cement
Expanding Cement
Coloured Cement
High Alumina Cement
Hydrophobic Cement
Low Heat Cement
Oil Well Cement
IRS-T 40 Special Cement

ACID RESISTANCE
CEMENT
This

Cement composed as following,

1.Acid-Resistance Aggregate Ex: Quartz
2.Additive- Ex: Sodium Fluosilicate
(Na2 SiF6)

3.Aqueous Solution of sodium silicate or

soluble glass.
Na SiF
- Accelerates the hardening and
2
6
increase the resistance of cement to acid.
Binding Material of acid resistance cement is
soluble glass.

BLAST FURNACE
CEMENT
For

this cement Slag obtained from blast

furnace is used.
The
slag is waste product in the
manufacturing process of pig iron and it
contains.
It contains alumina, lime and silica.
This cement more or less same as
Ordinary Portland Cement.
Its strength in early days is less and hence
is requires longer curing period.

EXPANDING CEMENT
This

cement produced by adding an

expanding medium like Sulpo-aluminate.
About 8-20 parts of the Sulpo-aluminate
clinker are mixed with 100 parts of Portland
cement and 15 parts of stabilizer.
Use of expanding cement requires skill and
experience.
This
cement used in Water retaining
Structures and repairing damaged concrete
surface.

COLOURED CEMENT
Coloured cement will be obtained by mixing of
pigments with ordinary Portland cement.
The amount of coloring material may vary from
5 to 10 %.
If this percentage exceeds 10 % the strength of
cement is affected.

SI .No

Pigment

Colour

Chromium Oxide

Green

Cobalt Imparts

Blue

Iron Oxide in different

proportion

Brown, Red, Yellow

Manganese Dioxide

Black or Brown

oColoured cement are widely used Finishing

Interior exterior, Flooring and artificial marble.

HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT

This cement produced by grinding clinkers

formed by bauxite and lime. The bauxite is an
aluminum Oxide(Al2O3).

In this cement alumina content should not less

then 32%.
Ratio of weight of alumina to the lime should not
be between 0.85 to 1.30.
It can stand high temperature.
It sets quickly and attains higher ultimate
strength short period.
It is not suitable for mass construction as it
evolves great heat.

HYDROPHOBIC CEMENT
This type of cement contains admixtures which
decrease the wetting ability of cement grains.
The usual hydrophobic admixtures are acidol,
naphthenesoap, oxidized petrolatum, Oletic acid
and Stearic acid.
Above substance formed water repellent film
around each cement grains.
This film protects them form the bad effect of
moisture during storage and transportation.
The film is broken out when the cement and
aggregate are mixed together at the mixer
exposing the cement particles to normal hydration.

LOW HEAT CEMENT

Formation of cracks in large body of concrete due
to heat of hydration.
So, concrete technologists produce a kind of
cement which produces less heat during
hydration process.
This cement will be used in mass construction.
Low heat evolution is achieved by reducing the
contents of C3S C3A.

SI.

No

Days

Heat produced by low

heat cement (cal/gm)

Heat produced

by OPC (cal/gm)
Cal-Calories

Not more than 65

89-90

28

Not more than 75

90-100

1 Calories =

OIL WELL CEMENT

Oil well are drilled through sedimentary rocks
through a great depth of in search of oil.
That oil or gas may escape through the space b/w
steel casing and rock formation.
This cement may resist corrosive condition from
sulphur gases or water contains dissolved salts.
It will be used in 175oC temperature and
1300 kg/m2 pressure.
This cement obtained in two ways:
i. Adjust cement compounds or adding Retarders.
ii. Adding workability agents.

IRS-T 40 SPECIAL CEMENT

This

cement is manufactured as per

specification laid down by ministry of
Railways under IRS-T40: 1985.
It is Very fine cement with high C3S
content for high early strength.
It will be used to manufacture of concrete
sleepers for Indian Railways.
This cement also used in prestressed
concrete elements, high rise buildings,
high strength concrete.

REFERENCES
M S Shetty, Concrete Technology Theory and Practice, S Chand
& Company Pvt Ltd,2011.
Dr M L Gambir, Concrete Technology Theory and Practice, Tata
McGraw Hill Education Pvt Ltd, 2015.
P Kumar Mehta, Paulo J M Monteiro, Concrete Micro Structures,
Properties and Materials, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt Ltd,
2008.
S C Rangwala, Engineering Materials(Material Science),
Charotar Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 2009.
PPT from, Hydration of Cement, Institut de Mineralogie et
Petrographiem University de Fribourg.
Dr.Abbas Oda Dawood, Concrete Technology, Lecture
Notes, Department of Civil Engineering-Misan
University.

Thanking You
Queries?