INTRODUCTION TO SETTLEMENT PLANNING

(STUDIO)
ASSIGNMENT 1

STUDY OF CIVILIZATION

SUBMITTED TO
AR. ANUBHAV MITTAL
AR. JASWANT SINGH

SUBMITTED BY
PRAVEEN CHOUDHARY
B.ARCH V YEAR IX SEM
S.O.A., A.G.I., JAIPUR

ROMAN CIVILIZATION

CITY OF ROME

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SETTLEMEN
A settlement is a colony or any small community of people.
One kind of settlement is a place where people live. This can

be a community that's smaller than a town, like a village.

Also, if one country establishes a colony somewhere else, that
can be called a settlement.
settlement hierarchy
HAMLET
VILLEGE
TOWN
CITY

ROMAN CIVILIZATION
LOCATION

ROMAN CIVILIZATION
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The founding of Rome goes back to the very early days of
civilization. It is so old, it is today known as 'the eternal city'.
The Romans believed that their city was founded in the year
753 BC. Modern historians though believe it was the year 625
BC
The city of Rome originated as a village of the Latino in the

9th century BC. It was initially ruled by kings, but

the Roman Republic was established in 509 BC. During the
5th century BC, Rome gained regional dominance in Latium,
and eventually the entire Italian peninsula by the 3rd
century BC. The population of the city at this point is
estimated at about 310,000 people
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Roman Cities
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The typical Roman city of the later Republic and

empire had a rectangular plan and resembled a

Roman military camp with two main streets
the cardo (north-south) and the decumanus
(east-west)a grid of smaller streets dividing
the town into blocks, and a wall circuit with
gates.

Older cities, such as Rome itself, founded before

the adoption of regularized city planning, could,

however, consist of a maze of crooked streets.
The focal point of the city was its forum, usually
situated at the center of the city at the
intersection of the cardo and the decumanus.

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Plan of the City of

Rome

By the time of Augustus, Rome

had grown from a tiny
settlement on the Tiber River
to a metropolis at the center of
an expanding empire. Under
the republic Rome became the
political capital of the
Mediterranean and a symbol of
Roman power and wealth.

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All Roads Lead to Rome

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Why do you think a system of roads was important to the

survival of the Empire?
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Appian Way
An expanding network of
roads helped to link Rome's
distant territories. One of the
most important paved military
roads was the Appian Way,
commissioned by the Roman
official Appius Claudius
Caecus. It became the major
route from Rome to Greece.
Although these large lava
blocks may not be the original
material, the route itself has
remained unchanged and in
use since it was first paved
more than 2200 years ago.
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Forums
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The forum, an open area bordered by colonnades

with shops, functioned as the chief meeting place of

the town. It was also the site of the city's primary
religious and civic buildings, among them the Senate
house, records office, and basilica.

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When archaeologists began

excavating the city of
Pompeii, which had been
covered with ash and mud
by the eruption of Mount
Vesuvius in ad 79, they
found the remains of
people, ancient buildings,
and other artifacts preserved
amid the volcanic debris.
Among the structures
uncovered was The Forum
of Pompeii, pictured, a
group of temples, courts,
and palaces that served as
the citys legislative center.
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Basilica
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The basilica was a roofed hall with a wide central area

the naveflanked by side aisles, and it often had two or

more stories. In Roman times basilicas were the site of
business transactions and legal proceedings, but the
building type was adapted in Christian times as the
standard form of the Western church with an apse and
altar at the end of the long nave. The first basilicas were
put up in the early 2nd century b.c in Rome's own Forum,
but the earliest well-preserved example of the basilicas
(circa 120 b.c.) is found at Pompeii.

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This Roman basilica was

begun by the emperor
Maxentius between 307
and 310 and completed
by Constantine the Great
after 312. Although it
was one of the most
important monuments in
classical antiquity,
almost all that remains
of the building are these
three huge, barrelvaulted bays

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Roman Temples
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The chief temple of a Roman city, the

capitolium, was generally located at one end of

the forum. The standard Roman temple was a
blend of Etruscan and Greek elements;
rectangular in plan, it had a gabled roof, a deep
porch with freestanding columns, and a frontal
staircase giving access to its high plinth, or
platform.

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By the 1st century b.c, the extensive conquests of the Romans led
them to regard the Mediterranean as mare nostrum (our sea). Roman
influence went far beyond politics. Roman art, architecture, and
language were among the cultural traits that slowly took hold in many
of Rome's conquered territories. Ruins of ancient temples in Baalbek,
Lebanon, include the Temple of Jupiter, built by the Romans after they
took control of the territory that included what is now Lebanon in 64
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b.c.
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Pantheon
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Roman temples were erected not only in the forum,

but throughout the city and in the countryside as

well; many other types are known. One of the most
influential in later times was the type used for the
Pantheon (ad 118-28) in Rome, consisting of a
standard gable-roofed columnar porch with a domed
cylindrical drum behind it replacing the traditional
rectangular main room, or cella.

The Pantheon in Rome is one of the most famous buildings in the

world. It was commissioned by Hadrian in 118 and completed in 128.
At one time it had a colonnaded court leading to the portico. The
dome of the rotunda behind the portico is 43.2 m (142 ft) in diameter.
The oculus (a round opening) at the top is 8.5 m (28 ft) in diameter
and provides the only source of light2 for the interior.
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Roman engineers
completed the Pantheon,
a temple to all the gods,
in ad 128. Its interior
was conceived as a
single immense space
illuminated by a single
round opening, called an
oculus, at the highest
point in the dome. The
interior is decorated with
colored marble, and
lined with pairs of
columns and carved
figures set into niches in
the wall.
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Roman Theaters
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Roman theaters first appeared in the late

Republic. They were semicircular in plan and

consisted of a tall stage building abutting a
semicircular orchestra and tiered seating area
(cavea). Unlike Greek theaters, which were
situated on natural slopes, Roman theaters were
supported by their own framework of piers and
vaults and thus could be constructed in the
hearts of cities.

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The Roman emperor

Augustus founded the
city of Aosta during the
1st century b.c near the
junction of natural
transportation routes
from Italy through the
mountains to France and
Switzerland. The city
has many remnants of
Roman architecture,
including wall segments
from this theater.

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Amphitheater
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Amphitheaters (literally, double theaters) were

elliptical in plan with a central arena, where

gladiatorial and animal combats took place, and a
surrounding seating area built on the pattern of
Roman theaters. The earliest known amphitheater
(75 bc) is at Pompeii, and the grandest, Rome's
Colosseum (ad70-80), held approximately 50,000
spectators, roughly the capacity of today's large
sports stadiums.

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The Colosseum in Rome (70-82) is best known for its multilevel

system of vaults made of concrete. It is called the Colosseum for a
colossal statue of Nero that once stood nearby, but its real name is the
Flavian Amphitheater. It was used for staged battles between lions
and Christians, among other spectacles, and is one of the most famous
pieces of architecture in the world.
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Aqueduct
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Among the other great public building projects of the

Romans, the most noteworthy are the network of

bridges and roads that facilitated travel throughout
the empire, and the aqueducts that brought water
to the towns from mountain sources (Pont du Gard,
late 1st century bc or early 1st century ad, near
Nimes).

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The Roman aqueduct at Pont du Gard near Nmes, France, was built
between the late 1st century bc and the early 1st century ad. The
Romans built extensive systems of aqueducts to carry water to their
residential areas from distant sources.
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Summary
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A clear picture of Roman architecture can be drawn

from the impressive remains of ancient Roman

public and private buildings.
Many of our modern government institutions are
modeled after the Roman system, as is much of our
public architecture.

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