Referencing

Referencing using Harvard referencing

system

Why do we do it?
How do we do it?
In text references
List of references

NB Referencing is sometimes known as

Citation

The tradition of scholarship

Our own ideas are all based on the thoughts of others
Scholarly thought builds progressively on the work of
respected writers and researchers by carrying out further
research and analysis
Sources of ideas are always acknowledged

Five main reasons for providing references:

Acknowledging the person whose idea or words
have been used or referred to.
Make it clear that the author is not trying to
pretend somebody else's work as his/her own.
('plagiarising' someone else's work.)
Helps readdress to find the original texts or
webpages to read themselves.
Author can easily check something later if
necessary.
Thoroughness in referencing suggests that
author has been thorough in checking his/her
facts
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When do you need to give a reference ?

the source of a particular theory, argument or
viewpoint
specific information, such as statistics,
examples, or case studies
direct quotations (reproducing the writer's exact
words)
texts and electronic information which you
paraphrase rather than quote.
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How do I reference?
You MUST attribute all sources to the original author eg ideas,
data, figures, tables, methods,

Use the Harvard referencing system

(Author Date method)
Note, there are other systems used by some books.
While at Greenwich you must use Harvard
If you dont reference, you may be accused of PLAGIARISM
You will go before a plagiarism panel
You may fail the course and have to pay to do it again next
year
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Using sources
Sources of data, ideas and theories are the basis of your
evidence. You may use them in a variety of ways:
Quote - using the exact words of the author
Paraphrase - using your own words to express the
authors ideas
Summarise - listing the key ideas from the authors
work
Comment - giving your own thoughts on what the
author has said

Before you write ..

You must READ

Re-read lecture notes (to focus on topic)

Read books on reading lists (selectively - use index)
Look on library shelves for other relevant books
Use electronic databases to search for articles, reports,
statistics
Use the WWW (but dont depend on it)
Always keep notes on what you read
Make sure you write down the references

The information usually provided includes

the name and initials of the author(s)

the title, in full
the year of publication
for journal articles, the name of the journal and the
number of the volume
the edition, if relevant
the location of the publisher
the name of publisher
relevant page numbers
for electronic materials, the webpage address

Types of references
References sometimes called Citations they occur in
different forms
In-text references (quotations; paraphrasing;
summarising)
Placed within the main body of your writing

Secondary references

Used where one author has quoted another author

List of References
Full details of all sources listed at the end
Bibliography
Books/etc which are relevant but have not been referred to
directly (not common except in longer dissertations)
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In-text references - Quotations

If you quote (copy) the exact words of an author, use
quotation marks around the quote and at the end write:
authors surname - year of publication - page
number (in brackets)
eg:
The matching, or accruals, convention is very
important in the calculation of profit (Gowthorpe
2005,p152) or (Gowthorpe, 2005:152)
Gowthorpe (2005,p152)
states
thethe
matching,
or accruals,
(2005:152)
states
matching,
or
Gowthorpe
convention
is
very
important
in
the
calculation
of
profit
accruals, convention is very important in the
calculation of profit
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In-text references - Quotations

Shim et al (2009; p.9) points out that managers in hightech firms are faced with different sets of performance
expectations such as innovation, new product
development, integration of technology and research and
development management.
Managers in high-tech firms are faced with different sets
of performance expectations such as innovation, new
product development, integration of technology and
research and development management. (Shim et al,
2009; p. 9)

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In-text references - Paraphrasing

When putting ideas in your own words rather than quoting:
author date (note no page number)
or: when not referring to the author in the sentence
Eg: when referring to the author in the sentence:

The proper estimation of profit requires implementation of

principle. that
(Gowthorpe
2005) is vital
Gowthorpeaccrual
(2005) indicates
accrual principle
for proper calculation of profit.

or: when not referring to the author in the sentence

According Shim et al (2009) managers in high-tech
Managersare
in high-tech
are challenged
companies
chellenged companies
by different factors
such as
by different
factors integration
such as innovation,
technology
innovation,
technology
etc.
integration etc(Shim et al, 2009)
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Secondary references
Authors cited by other authors
Wherever possible you should try to use the original source of an idea

You may sometimes need to use a quotation or an idea from an

author which you found quoted in a text book written by another
author.
Show the reference in this way using the word cited

or: when not referring to the author in the sentence

eg:According Balkin et al there is direct relation
Bryjne highlights
international set
of
between
R&D andthat
CEOancompensation.
(Balkin
et
accounting standards are consistent between
al.
2000 cited
by Shim (Bryjne
et al, 2009)
competing
companies.
1980 cited by Iqbal
2002)

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An electronic source
http://mobile.vnunet.com
Over 80% manager's wanted to see common
management information systems to support
IFRS detail including budgets and forecasts
while 69% said there was a need for greater
contextual information in annual reports
1995-2006 all rights reserved
VNU Business Publications

How would you reference a

quotation from this web
site?

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In-text references - websites

Websites are treated the same as book references
Use (Author date)
Do not give the URL address in your text
The internet is just another publishing medium and
does not need special rules
If you cannot find an author name, give the company or
institution name, usually at the top of the page, or use
Anon (Anonymous)
If there is no date of publication, give the current year
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An electronic source
http://mobile.vnunet.com

Over 80% manager's wanted to see common

management information systems to support IFRS

detail including budgets and forecasts while 69%
said there was a need for greater contextual
(VNU
information in annual reports.
2005)

or: when not referring to the author in the sentence

According VNU (2005) over 80% manager
requires IFRS integration into management
information systems.
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Useful phrases to introduce references

As X points out,
According to X,
To quote from X, ' ... '
X states/suggests that
X tells/shows us that
In an article entitled Name of Text, X makes the point
that ...
Referring to ... , X says that ...
As X stated/wrote/said, ...
In Name of Text, X wrote that ...
Writing in Name of Text, X explained that ...
Writing in 1926, X argued that
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List of references
At the end of your work collect your references together in
a list
Always include a list at the end of your work
Include all your in-text references
but only list each source once
Use alphabetical order by authors surname

Make one list

do not separate books, articles and website
Note, you will lose marks if you leave out some of your
in-text references, or put sources in the list you havent
referred to
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List of references - books

Always keep strictly to the following format:
Author, (Year) , Book Title , Place, Publisher
eg: (for a book)
Iqbal Z.M. (2002) International accounting A
global perspective, Ohio,Thomson Learning

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List of references - articles

Use this format
Author, (Year), title of the article, Title of the journal,
edition, pages

e.g.
Wallace R.S.O. and Collier P. (1991)`The cash in cash
flow statements: A multicountry comparsion`, Accounting
Horizons (December); pp.44-52
Without page number your
referencing is incomplete
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List of references - websites

McConnellkeep
.P (2011),
objective
Remember,
theseThe
in your
main of
listfinancial
of references
reporting and the qualitative characteristics of
useful information - what investors should know,
Author,
(Year),
Title,
[type offrom:
resource
(online)
IFRS,
Available
www.ifrs.org
eg CD ROM, WWW, e-mail],Available
from: URL
th
[Accessed:
26 Aug 2011]
address. [date
of access]
e.g.
VNU Business Publications (2005) Lease IFRS for update
October 2005 , (online) Available from:
http://mobile.vnunet.com [Accessed: 15th Aug 2011]

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More Harvard rules

If there are two authors
Write them both in the order in the book/article
eg:

Britton A., Alexander D., (2004), Financial reporting,

Thomson Learning

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 If there are three or more authors include all

their names or just write the first author's name
and then write et al.
eg: Samuels J. et al, (2003), Research in
Accounting in Emerging Economies, JAI Press

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If an author has published more than once in a

year use a,b,etc
Marchington, M. Wilkinson, A. (1993a) Waving or
drowning in participation PersonnelAcademic
Management, March
p. 30-33
paper
Marchington, M. Wilkinson, A. (1993b) People
management matters, London, Institute of Personnel
Management
Book

25

Book with an editor

Danaher, P. (ed.) (1998) Beyond the ferris wheel,
Rockhampton, CQU Press.

If you have used a chapter in a book written

by someone other than the editor
Byrne, J. (1995) Disabilities in tertiary education, in
Rowan, L. and McNamee, J. (ed.) Voices of a Margin,
Rockhampton: CQU Press

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List of References/ Bibliography

The list of references at the end of your assignment
might look like this:

List of reference
you only need to list those sources from which you have
List of
references
either
quoted
or paraphrased. e.g., you do not have to
Iqbalbooks
Z.M. (2002)
International
accounting A
global perspective,
list
you used
for background
reading
purposes.Ohio,
Thomson Learning
Saudagaran S.M. (2004) International accounting A user perspective,
Ohio,Thomson Learning
Wallace R.S.O. and Collier P. (1991)`The cash in cash flow
statements: A multicountry comparsion`, Accounting Horizons
(December) pp.44-52Bibliography
you must
list all sources
you update
have consulted,
VNU Business
Publications
(2005) IFRS
October 2005 ,
(WWW) Available
from: http://mobile.vnunet.com
regardless
of whether
you cited from them[Accessed:
or not. 15th
Aug 2006]
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More information Harvard referencing

can be found:
University of Greenwich Skills for Learning Handbook
http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/academic_services/document
s/Library/Citing_References.pdf
http://www.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Selfstudy/Harvard.pdf
Saunders M., Lewis P., Thomhill A.(2009) Research
methods for Business Students, Prentice Hall

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