INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Done by
Aadhar Mishra
RollNo. 1347431001
At
Indian Farmers Fertilizer cooperative LTD
Aonla Unit, Bareilly
Submitted to

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Shri Sidhi Vinayak Institute of Technology
Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh -243122

AUTOMATION
Introduction
Automation is the use ofcontrol system such as computers tocontrol industrial machinery &
process, reducing for need for humanintervention. In the scope ofindustrialization
,Automation is a step beyondmechanization. whereas mechanization provided human
operators with machinery assist them with physical requirement of work, automation greatly
reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Process and system
can also be automated.

In other words Automation is a delegation ofhuman control function to technical equipment

for increasing productivity, tobetter quality, to reduce cost & increase insafety working
condition, to reduce manpower.
Example of automation
Automatic machine tools to process parts- CNCm/c
Industrial robots
Automatic material handling
Feedback control system

Steps for DC Automation

Step 1:- Drop 220V AC supply to 12V AC supply using 12 0 12 or 6 0 6 Transformer
Step 2:- Convert AC supply into DC using full wave rectifier.
Step 3:- Further use positive/negative of 12V DC supply to energize Emitter region
of a
LM 47 or LM 48 Transistor.
Step 4:- Connect the collector region of LM 47 or 48 transistor to an energizing
terminal of relay.
Step 5:- Connect the other energizing terminal of Relay with the positive/negative
terminal of 12V DC supply coming out of rectifier.
NOTE:- If emitter region of transistor is given positive then the other energizing
terminal of the relay should be given negative and vice versa .

Step 6:- Further connect a 7805 IC with the 12V DC output thus to get 5V DC
supply to be preferably given to different sensors.
Step 7:- Carefully connect the positive of the 5V supply to VCC terminal of the
sensor and negative of the supply to the Ground terminal of the sensor.
Step 8:- The output terminal of the sensor should be given to the Base terminal of
the transistor which in turn energizes the transistor and Trips the relay when the
high signal is received by the Respective Sensor and in this way the automatic
switching can be achieved.
Thank You

Transformer
An A.C. device used to change high
voltage low current A.C. into low voltage
high current A.C. and vice-versa without
changing the frequency
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit
to another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic
induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in

Principle of operation
It is based on
principle
of
MUTUAL
INDUCTION.
According
to
which an e.m.f. is
induced in a coil
when current in
the neighbouring
coil changes.

AC DC: Using a full-wave diode rectifier circuit

120V

VR

50

20 : 1
Figure 0.1

Time (ms)

Step-down transformer power supply

Using four diodes connected as shown produces only

positive-going voltages (more efficient) but the voltage is
not steady it has very large ripple.

VR

120V

50

20 : 1
Figure 0.3

Full-wave-rectifier power supply

Time (ms)

To see how the four-diode (full-wave rectifier) works, look

first at the voltage polarity across the load resistor. When
the top of the transformer secondary is positive, the two diodes
shown are forward biased and the current is downward
through the load resistor. When the top of the transformer is
negative with respect to the bottom, these two diodes are
reverse-biased and pass no current.

VR

120V

20 : 1

Figure 0.4 Positive transformer output causes the p air of

diodes shown to conduct in the fullwave-rectifier power supply .

Time (ms)

When the top terminal of the transformer is negative,

The other two diodes are forward-biased and pass
Current through the load resistor from top to bottom,
Filling in the missing parts of the output waveform.

VR

120V

20 : 1
Figure 0.5

Negative transformer output causes the other

diode pair to conduct.

Time (ms)

What is a Transistor?
Semiconductors: ability to
change from conductor to
insulator
Can either allow current or
prohibit current to flow
Useful as a switch, but also as
an amplifier
Essential part of many
technological advances

How Transistors Work

Doping: adding small amounts of
other elements to create additional
protons or electrons
P-Type: dopants lack a fourth valence
electron (Boron, Aluminum)
N-Type: dopants have an additional
(5th) valence electron (Phosphorus,
Arsenic)
Importance: Current only flows from
P to N