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1)Mass
4) time
2)Temperature 5) speed
3)distance
6)
energy(work)
7) Power
Vectors
1) Displacement 4)
acceleration
2) Force
5)
momentum
3) Velocity
6) weight
Base units
Physical Quantity
S.I
Mass
Kilogram (Kg)
Time
Second (s)
length
Meter (m)
Electric current
Ampere(A)
Temp.
Kelvin(K)
Luminous intensity
Candela (cd)
Amount of a substance
Mole (mol)
Derived units
Quantity
Equation
Derived
unit
Base unit
Speed
Distance / time
m s-1
Acceleration
Change in velocity /
time
m s-2
Force
mxa
Newton (N)
Kg m s-2
Pressure
F/A
Pascal (Pa)
Kg m-1 s-2
Work
Fxs
Joule (J)
Kg m2 s-2
Prefixes
Prefix
Symbol
Multiple
Pico
10-12
nano
10-9
micro
10-6
milli
10-3
kilo
103
mega
106
giga
109
Adding Vectors
opposite side
tan gent of angle =
adjacent side
Example
A truck driver is attempting to deliver some furniture.
First, he travels
3 km north, and then travels 4 km east.
a. What distance has the driver traveled?
b. Find the magnitude and direction of the
displacement?
Solution:
a. Total distance = 3 + 4 = 7 km
km tail of
b. First draw tip-to-tail. Then draw a line from 4the
the first vector to the tip of the last vector to give the
resultant.
3 km
R, resultant vecto
4
3
4
tan 1 53.10
3
E of N
2N
2N
Tip-to tail
2N
2N
Example
Consider an airplane flying at 95 km/h.
sine of angle =
opposite side
hypotenuse
cosine of angle =
adjacent side
hypotenuse
Example
Find the components of the velocity of a helicopter
traveling 95 kmh-1 at an angle of 350 to the ground.
opposite
sin
hypotenuse
vy
sin 35
; v y 54.4 kmh 1
95
adjacent
cos
hypotenuse
vx
cos 35
; vx 77.8kmh 1
95
Y-axis
vX
vY
vY
35
vX
X-axis
dis tan ce
Speed
time
Units:
Distance: meter (m)
Time: sec (s)
Speed: m/s (m.s-1) or km/h (km.h-1)
instant in time.
Average Speed: the average of all instantaneous
speeds; found simply by a distance/time ratio.
You might think of the instantaneous speed as the speed
that the speedometer reads at any given instant of time.
The
displacement
Velocity
time taken
Speed
Velocity
dis tan ce 35 20 40 95
9.5 m min 1
time
10
10
displacement 35 20 40 55
Acceleration
Acceleration:
Is a vector quantity that refers to the rate at which
velocity changes over time.
v
final velocity initial velocity
a
t
time taken for the change
vu
a
t
Where:
a : acceleration (ms-2)
v : final velocity (ms-1)
u : initial velocity (ms-1)
t : time (s)
An
is constant
2)Direction
3)Velocity
is always changing
is also changing
Note:
When the velocity is increasing, the acceleration is
positive.
When
the velocity is constant, there is no
acceleration.
When the velocity is decreasing, the acceleration is
negative.
Displacement-Time Graphs
change in y ( y )
gradient
change in x ( x )
Displacement (m)
From
Example 1
Determine the velocity for the graph below:
(1 s , 10 m) & (5 s , 50 m)
change in y ( y )
change in x ( x )
50 10
10
5 -1
V = 10 m/s or 10 ms-1
Displacement (m)
gradient
If
the
gradient
isnt
constant(curved line) It means
that the object is accelerating.
To find the velocity at certain
point you need to draw a
tangent to the curve at the point
and find its gradient
Example 1
From the graph below find the velocity at t=2.5 sec
t (s)
s (m)
16
25
Note
In the previous example ,if the acceleration changes, this
will change the gradient of the curve as shown below
The line has a decreasing gradient and curves the other way
Velocity-Time Graphs
Speedtime graph Vs velocity-time graph
Speedtime graph and velocity-time graph are pretty
similar. The difference is that the velocitytime graphs
can have a negative part to show that the object is
travelling in the opposite direction
Velocity
of
the
ball
thrown in air
Speed of the
ball thrown in
air
Time
Time
Uniform acceleration
acceleration
change in velocity
time taken
Velocity
Greater acceleration
Smaller acceleratio
Time
the
gradient
,the
greater
the
Example
An object is moving at 1.5 ms-1 for 4 s and then
accelerates uniformly at a rate of 2.5ms-2 for 4 s .Plot this
information on a velocity-time graph.
For the first four second the velocity is 1.5ms-1,then it
increases by 2.5ms-1 every second:
t (s)
v(ms-1)
0-4
1.5
6.5
11.5
11.5 1.5
a
2.5ms 2
84
Solution
Split the graph into three
sections
For A:
Area = base x height =
= x 10 x 40 =200m
For B:
Area =length x width =
=20 x 40 =800m
For C:
Area = base x height =
= x 15x 40 =300m
Total distance travelled =
1300 m
Non-Uniform Acceleration
1)
2)
Velocity
3)
Time
Equations of motion
There are four main equations that you use to solve
problems involving uniform acceleration
1) Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
a
vu
t
So
Where:
a : acceleration (ms-2)
v : final velocity (ms-1)
u : initial velocity (ms-1)
t : time (s)
v=u+at
2) s
(u v)
s
t
2
Where: s: displacement(m)
3) Substitute
(u u at )
(2ut at 2 )
s
t
2
2
1 2
s ut at
2
4) The
2:
vu
Use equation 1 in a form : t
a
(u v)
s
t
Multiply both sides by s: 2
v u (u v )
as
t
t
2
2as (v u )(u v)
2as v 2 uv uv u 2
v2 = u2 + 2as
Example 1
A car accelerate steadily from rest at a rate of 4.2 ms-2
for 6seconds.
a) Calculate the final speed
b) Calculate the distance travelled in 6 seconds
Solution:
a)
Given:
u = 0 ms-1
a = 4.2 m.s-2
t=6s
v=?
v = u + a t = 0 + 4.2 x 6 = 25.2 ms-1
b)
s=?
(u v)
s
t
2
0 25.2
s
6 75.6 m
2
1 2
at
2
1
s 0 (4.2)(6) 2 75.6 m
2
s ut
Example 2
A train accelerated from rest to a velocity of 40 ms-1 in a
time of 1 minute and 20 seconds.
What was the average acceleration of the train?
A) 0.33 m s-2
3ms-2
B) 0.5ms-2
C) 2 ms-2
D)
Example 3
The road-test information for a car states that it can
travel from 0-60 mph in 8.0s.
Estimate the average acceleration of the car during this
time.
Why is the acceleration unlikely to be uniform? (1 mph
=0.4 m s-1)
Answer:
Gear changes are likely to affect the
acceleration.
Example 4
A cyclist travelling at 4.0 m s-1 accelerates at a uniform
rate of 0.4 ms-2 for 20 s. Calculate:
The final velocity of the cyclist
The distance travelled by the cyclist in this time.
Free Fall
Introduction
Aristotle believed that if two objects of different
mass were dropped from the same height, the
heavier object would always hit the ground first
In
free-falling
object
has
an
acceleration
of
9.81
weight
v u gt
(u v)
s
t
2
1 2
s ut gt
2
v 2 u 2 2 gs
g:
Sign conventions
always downward so its usually
negative
t:
always positive
u&
v:
s:
v gt
v
s t
2
1 2
s
gt
2
v 2 2 gs
Solution
Given:
u = - 2ms-1
a = g = -9.81 ms-2
t=3s
s=?
1 2
gt
2
1
s (2 3) (9.81)(3) 2 50.1 m
2
s ut
Example 1
A stone was dropped down a well. The splash was heard
2.2 s later.
Calculate:
a)The depth of the well
b)The velocity of the stone when it hit the water.
Example 2
A ball was thrown vertically upward with a velocity of
12ms-1 on
release. Calculate:
a)The maximum height from point of release reached by
the ball
b)The time taken by the ball to reach the maximum
height
c)The velocity of the ball 2 s after it was released
Projectiles
Notes
Example(Horizontal projection)
A ball is thrown horizontally at 100ms-1 from 1.5 m above
the ground. How long does it takes to hit the ground, and
how far does it travel?(assume air resistance is
neglected)
Solution:
Think about vertical motion first:
a = g = -9.81 ms-2 ; h = -1.5 m ; u = 0 ms-1
1 2
h
ut
gt
t=?
2
1
( g )(t ) 2
2
2h
t
0.55s
g
h
dis tan ce
time
sh
vh
t
sh
100
0.55
s 55m
s ut
s ut
gt 2
Example 2
A soccer ball is kicked horizontally off a 22.0-meter
high hill and lands a distance of 35.0 meters from
the edge of the hill. Determine the initial horizontal
velocity of the soccer ball.
Answer: vx = 16.5 ms-1
Example 3
A pool ball leaves a 0.60-meter high table with an
initial horizontal velocity of 2.4 m/s. Predict the time
required for the pool ball to fall to the ground and
the horizontal distance between the table's edge
and the ball's landing location.
v 2 u 2 2 gs
Solution:
Vertical component:
u= 30ms-1
h=?
0 30 2 2(-9.81) s
900 19.62 s
h 45.9m
v = 0 (maximum height)
a = g = -9.81 ms-2
Example
A daredevil tries to jump a canyon of width 10 m. To
do so, he drives his motorcycle up an incline sloped
at an angle of 15 degrees. What minimum speed is
necessary to clear the canyon?
HW
Worked example: Page 37
Question 1:
a) 1.52 sec
b)19.9 m
Question 2:
2.4 ms-1
Question 3:
93.4 ms-1
Question 4:
a) 6.4 s
b)570 m
c) 2.87 m
c) 110 ms-1
Mass, Weight
Mass:
Is the amount of matter in it.
Its measured in Kg
Its a scalar quantity
The mass is constant every where (doesnt change if
the field strength changes)
Weight:
Weight is a force.
Its measured in Newton N
Weight is the force experienced by a mass due to
gravitational field
The weight of an object does vary according to the size
of the gravitational field acting on it
Quantity
Earth
Moon
(g = 9.81Nkg-1 (g = 1.6Nkg-1 )
)
Mass
Scalar
120 Kg
120Kg
Weight
Force(vector)
1177.2N
192N
Experiment
Measuring the acceleration due to gravity:
1 2
h ut gt
2
Initially
up
When the button on the electronic timer is pressed, the
electromagnet will turn off and the ball will fall down. As
soon as the electromagnet turns off, the timer will start
counting. The ball will continue to fall until it hits the trap
door. As soon as the ball hits the trap door, a signal will be
sent to the electronic timer to stop it counting.
1 2
gt
2
Use
Precautions:
1)
2)
Center of Gravity
Is
77
1) Hang
Stability
An
The
if
Forces
Introduction:
You exert a force on a ball when you throw or kick the
ball, and you exert a force on a chair when you sit in the
chair. Forces describe the interactions between an object
and its environment.
Force can cause objects to (a) start moving, (b) stop moving,
(c) change direction.
Forces
1)
Contact forces
Forces resulting from action-at-a-distance(Field
forces)
2)
Contact Forces
Action-at-a-Distance
Forces
Frictional Force
Gravitational Force
Tension Force
Electrical Force
Normal Force
Magnetic Force
R
mg (hand)
mg
friction
mg
mg (book)
mg
Force
mg (weight)
From before:
cos
FH
F
FV
sin
F
FH
or FH F cos
or FV F sin
FV
Example
A box is pulled along the ground by a girl as shown below
by a force of 200 N at 250 to the horizontal. Calculate the
component of the force ?
FH
cos 25
200
FV
sin 25
200
200
25
FH
FV
35
mg
0
350
mg
F 0
Inertia
When the book is pulled out, the books on top will fall
downwards.
Explanation:
Inertia tries to oppose the change to the stationary
situation, that is, when the book is pulled out, the
books on top do not follow suit.
Notes:
The
measured in (N)
The
The
w1
Resultant force = ma
w1= ma
m1 g = m1 a
a1 = g
w2
Resultant force =
w2= ma
m2 g = m2 a
a2 = g
Example Page 27
A runner in a sprint race reaches 9ms-1 in 3 s from start of
the race. If her mass is 50 kg , what force must she exert in
order to do this
Solution:
Given:
u = 0 ms-1 ; v = 9 ms-1 ; t = 3 s ;m = 50 kg ;F = ?
Start with first equation of motion:
v=u+at
9=0+ax3
a = 3ms-2
Now apply
F= ma
F = 50 x 3 = 150 N
Stopping Distance
The total distance a car requires to stop is called the
total stopping distance. This is the sum of the distance
covered in the time it takes for the driver to react known
as thethinking distanceand the distance the car
travels before coming to rest after the brakes are
pressed called thebraking distance.
Thinking distance + Braking distance =
Stopping distance
The
The
Lifting a box
Gravity
Gravitational
potential energy
Pushing a box
across a level
floor
Friction
Heat
Stretching a
Hardness(stiffness) of
Elastic potential
1)spring
You need a force
to move an something
spring
energybecause youre
Remember
1)
Ex: moving a physics book from low shelf to higher shelf (the
work here is the increase in gravitational potential
energy not the total potential energy)
2)
3)
4)
Example
To calculate the work in the
situation here:
1)Consider
the
horizontal
and
vertical component of the force
2)The only movement is in the
horizontal
direction.
So the
vertical
any motion(no
work);its
balancing
some of the weight
force
is not
causing
so the
reaction
force is less.
3)The horizontal force is causing the motion so to
calculate the work
W = f s cos
200
F cos
Power
Power is the rate of doing work (the amount of energy
transformed from one form to another per second)
work
Power
time
W
P
t
W
P
t
Fs
P
t
;
;
W Fs
v
s
t
P Fv
Energy Transformation
Energy
Input
energy
po
pi
; : has no unit
Examples
1) A
2) As
3) As
Note
In real life there are frictional forces, so in case 3 he
would have to use force from his muscles to keep
jumping to the same height. You are usually told to
ignore friction in exam questions, so we can say that
the sum of kinetic and potential energies is
constant
Example 1
A 755 N diver drops from a board 10.0 m above the
waters surface. Find the divers speed 5.00 m above
the waters surface. Then find the divers speed just
before striking the water
(neglect air resistance)
Given:
w = 755 N ; m = 77 Kg
h = 10 m
v=?
h=5 m
Solution
At 10m:
EK = 0
EP = mgh = 755 x 10 = 7550 J
Total energy = 7550 J
At 5m:
Ep = mgh = 755 x 5 = 3775 J
Ek = mv2
Total energy = 3775 J + 77 v2
Since air resistance is neglected the sum of energies is
constant
7550 = 3775 + 38.5v2
3775 = 38.5 v2 ;
v = 9.87 m/s