Plasma membrane

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Contain genetics information which determines the characteristics.

The synthesis of enzyme in incomplite. Without S, protein cannot transport to

Golgi apparatus then the protein cannot e modifield and sorted. Enzyme cannot
be pakkage . So, no enzyme will be release.

Mitochondria generate energy is needed to propel toward the uterus

during fertilization.

Lysosomes secrete s enzyme to hydrolyse the damaged organel.

Active transport
Passive transport

Calcium ion
Oxygen

Y diffuses to blood capillary from higher concentration to low concentration

The cell is flaccid. The sap cell is hypotonic Water molecules move out of the
sollution by osmosis. The plasma membrane move away from the cell wall.

Last longer

Less nutrient content

Change in taste.

Meiosis I

Homologous choromosomes pairing to form bivalents. This

stage is to exchange genetics material.

Causes variation

Sperm and ovum are gametes, the nucleus of sperm fuse with nucleus of
ovum to form diploid zygote.

45

Turners syndrome

Lack one of X chromosome.

Radioactive ray is a mutagen can causes chromosomal mutation

lead non-disjunction and produce gamete without X chromosome.

Primary structure

Secondary structure

Consists of one polypeptide chain with linear sequence of amino

acid.

Hydrolysis take place where peptides bond is broken down to form

dipeptides.

Animal protein contain all the assential amino acid.

Protein denature, structure of protein change, the shape of

three dimension of protein change.

Wash in cold water

Drynot
cleaning
Do
dry the silk under direct sunlight.

Inelastic.

Tricepts contract,and byceps relex by antogonist action. Tricepts contract

transmitted a force to the ulna by tendon Then pull the ulna bone down.

This person difficulty in movement because pain at the joint. This person
became osteoartistis

To increase the temperature body and enabling more efficient used

of energy. It also can increase blood circulation. Prevent injuries to
the muscle and muscle cramp.

i) Pituitary gland secretes hormones direct into the blood stream.

Blood stream transport the hormones to the target organ.
Pituitary gland secretes hormones which stimulate other
endocrine gland to secrete their hormones. For examples
pituitary gland secretes FSH to stimulate ovary produced
estrogen.
ii)
When the intake of water too little, blood osmotic pressure
increase.
Osmoreceptor in hypothalamus detect this change to produce
electrical impulse.
This impulse stimulates pituatary gland to release more ADH.
ADH increase he permeability of collecting duct.
So more water is reabsorbed from blood capillary.
This resulting in blood osmotic pressure increase to the
normal
level.
The urine produce is less.

Q is a synapse. When the electrical impulse reaches the synaptic

knob, it stimulate vesicles to release neurotransmitter.
Mitochondrion produce energy for impulse move by active
transport. The neurotransmitter diffuse across synapse to the
nearest dendrite as chemicals form and then reaching R as
electric form. This transmission of impulse in in one direction.

The part of the stem above the ring swells because the
organic food substances accumulates at the part of the
stem. Food cannot e transport to the below of the ring
because the phloem is removed.
The part of the stem above the ring swells because
the organic food substances accumulates at the part
of the stem.
Food cannot be transport to the below of the ring
because the phloem is removed.

Heat from the sun is absorbed by the leave.

The water from the mesophyll cells to evaporate.
Thus the air space in mesophyll is saturatedd with water wapour.
The water is less outside of stomata.
During the day, sunlight stimulate the opening of stomata.
Water vapour in the air spaces diffuses out to the atmosphere through
stomata.
Water in the xylem is diffuses into the mesophyll cell to replace the lost
water.
Thus the plant loses heat couses the coolling effect on the plant.

Similarities.
Both have closed circulatory system.
Blood flows n blood vessels.
Both have hearts which pump blood to ody cell.
Both have valves in veins.
Blood flow in one direction only.

Differences.
1. X is double circulatory system while Y is a single circulatory system
2. Blood flows through heart twice in X but blood flow once in Y.
3. X has four chambered of hearts but Y has two chambered of heart.
4. X has 2 atria and 2 ventricle but in Y has one atria and one ventricles.
5. In X oxygenated blood from heart pump to lung but in Y , the
oxygenated blood flow from hears to the gill.
6. In X oxygenated blood from heart to the body cell but in Y , the
oxygenated blood flow from gill to the body cell.
7. Oxygenate blood has higher pressure in X but in Y has low pressure.
8. Gasses exchange occurs at lunge ut in Y gas exchage occurs at gill.

Has double circulatory system.

Has a single circulatory system

X has four chambered of hearts.

Y has two chambered of heart.

X has 2 atria and 2 ventricle.

Y has one atria and one ventricles.

oxygenated blood from heart lump oxygenated blood flow from hears
to lung.
to the gill.
Blood flows through heart twice.

Blood flow once.

Oxygenated blood flow from heart

to lung.

Oxygenated blood flow from hears

to the gill.

Oxygenated blood from heart to

the body cell.

Oxygenated blood flow from gill

to the body cell.

Oxygenate blood has higher

pressure

Oxygenate blood has low

pressure.

Gasses exchange occurs at lunge

Gasse exchage occurs at gill.

Shore protection
The mangrove ecosystem has to be preserved and conserve because it act
as shore protection to prevent soil erosion.
Prop roots support soft and muddy soil.
Thus maintain water quality.
Biodiversity
Maintain biodiversity.
As a site for aquatic animal.
As a habitat for fauna and flora.
Preventing extinction of species.
Allows a longer life span for aquatic organisms.
Maintain he population of species.
Economy
As a sources of raw material for construction industry.
As a eco-taurism attraction.

Shore protection
Maintain normal weather by maintain carbon dioxide contain in
atmosphere.
Reduce green house effect.

Green house effect.

Increase in concentration of green house gasses.
The layer of carbon dioxide as a insulator.
Cause a rise in temperature.
Melting of glaciers cause the sea level increase.
Cause change of wind direction.
Cause he climatic changes.
High temperature reduce rate of photosyntesis.
Productivity of crop decrease.
Destruction the food change.
Cause extinction of species.

Steam fish rich in protein.

R secrete pepsin to hydrolyse protein to peptone in acidic
medium.
In R, fat is not hydrolysed.
S receive trypsine from pancreas to hydrolyse peptone to
peptided.
Fat is emulsified by bile.
Fat is hydrolyse by lipase to fatty acids and glyserol in alkaline
medium.
At T, secrete eripsin.
Peptide is hydrolysed by eripsin to acid amino.
Fat is hydrolysed y lipase to fatty acids and glycerol.

Three nutrient - carbohydrate, lipid and protein.

Bread is rich in carbohydrates.

It can cause high glucose content in blood.
Can causes high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus.
Excess glucose is convert to fats and store adipose
tissue under skin
And can cause obesity.
Butter is rich in fats. Results in high cholestrol level in
blood.
Causes high blood presure.
Lipid deposited in inner wall of arteries.
Lumen of arteries become smaller and blood flow
become slower.
Cardiovascular disease.
Excess fat is store in adipose tissue.
Obesity.

Fried chicken is rich in protein.

Liver has to work harder to convert excess protein to urea.
Liver failure and malfunction.
Kidney has to work harder to remove higher amount of
urea and increase high blood pressure.
Kidney malfunction or failure.
Excess uric acid du to consumption of excess protein.
Gout.