Cell Division

Mitosis

Dr. Navodit Goel

Why Would a Cell Divide?

As cells absorb nutrients and get larger, the volume
of the cell increases faster than the surface area

Surface area
for exchange
not great
enough to
support cells
needs

This means that a cell can no longer absorb

nutrients and get rid of wastes fast enough to
support its demands (volume)
So whats a cell to do?

Solution: divide in 2!

When Would a Cell Divide?

Growth
Repair or Replacement
Asexual reproduction
Cancer

Different cells divide at different rates:

Most mammalian cells = 12-24 hours
Some bacterial cells = 20-30 minutes

Getting Older
All cells are only allowed to complete a certain
number of divisions
Then they die (programmed cell death)

How does cell division change over a lifetime?

Childhood = cell division > cell death
Adulthood = cell division = cell death
The Later Years = cell division < cell death

Cell Division by
mitosis
Some cells divide
constantly: cells in the
embryo, skin cells, gut
lining cells, etc. 7 week old
embryo

Epithelial Cell

Intestinal Cell

Cell Division
Other cells divide rarely or never.
Spinal Cord
Cell- Nerve cell

Cardiac Cell
Brain Cell Nerve
cell

(Heart Muscle)

Cell Division
2 kinds of cell division:

Pancreatic
cells

1. Mitosis: division of somatic cells

2. Meiosis: creation of new sex cells

Sperm cells

Human egg
cell

Cell Division
Vocabulary
Somatic cell a body cell; a cell

whose genes will not be passed on

to future generations.

Germ cell - a cell that is destined

to become a gamete (egg or

sperm); a cell whose genes can be
passed on to future generations

Cell Division
Vocabulary
diploid (2N) a cell with 2

chromosome sets in each of its

cells; all body (somatic) cells

haploid (N) a cell with 1

chromosome set in each of its

cells; all gametes (sperm, eggs)

Characteristics of
Mitosis
A diploid cell will give rise to a diploid
cell
Chromosome number remains the
same
The DNA remains identically the
same
One cell (2N) gives rise to two cells
( 2N)

Cell Cycle
A typical cell goes

through a process
of growth,
development, and
reproduction called
the cell cycle.

Most of the cycle is

called interphase.

INTERPHASE

Cell Cycle
The longest

phase in the
cell cycle is
interphase.

The 3 stages

of interphase
are called G1,
S, and G2.

Stages of the Cell Cycle

2 stages = interphase (growth & replication of DNA)
& mitotic phase (division of cell into 2 daughter
cells)
Cell spends about
90% of the time
in interphase

Interphase

Divided into 3 phases:

G1 (1st gap) = small cell is absorbing nutrients,
growing & doing its job (i.e. making proteins)
S (synthesis) = cell is continuing to grow &
duplicates its DNA (i.e. chromosomes) in
preparation for making duplicate cells during
mitosis
G2 (2nd gap) = cell keeps growing & doing its job
(i.e. making proteins); it grows too bigsolution
= divide in 2

Cell Division
All living cells come from other
living cells.
During mitosis, the nucleus of
the cell divides, forming two
nuclei with identical genetic
information.

Mitosis: A Closer Look

Interphase

Prior to entering the mitotic

phase, the cell has just
come out of interphase
Replicated DNA during S
(synthesis)
2 complete sets of
chromosomes that must
be distributed equally
between 2 cells = mitosis

Mitosis (M-Phase)
Mitosis produces

two genetically
identical cells.
Mitosis is referred
to in the following
stages: prophase,
metaphase,
anaphase, and
telophase.

Prophase
In prophase, the cell begins the
process of division.

The chromosomes condense.

duplicated
chromosome

chromatin

Prophase
Nuclear envelope disappears.

Prophase
Centrioles

migrate to
opposite poles
of the cell.

Asters and

spindle fibers
form.

Aster and the mitotic apparatus

in an animal cell

Draw Prophase

Prophase
Spindle fibers
Aster
Centriole

Centromere

Sister
chromatids

Metaphase
The chromosomes
line up at the
equator of the
cell (metaphase
plate), with the
centrioles at
opposite ends
and the spindle
fibers attached to
the centromeres
(kinetochores).

Centriole
Spindle
fibers

Metaphase
plate

Centriole

Draw Metaphase

The Mitotic
The spindle includes
the centrosomes, the spindle
Spindle
microtubules, and the asters
The apparatus of microtubules controls
chromosome movement during mitosis
The centrosome replicates, forming two
centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the
cell
Assembly of spindle microtubules begins in the
centrosome, the microtubule organizing center
An aster (a radial array of short microtubules)
extends from each centrosome

The Mitotic Spindle

Some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of

chromosomes and move the chromosomes to the metaphase

plate
In anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move along the
kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell
Aster
Microtubules

Sister
chromatids

Chromosomes

Centrosome
Metaphase
plate
Kinetochores

Centrosome

1 m

Overlapping
nonkinetochore
microtubules

Kinetochore
microtubules

0.5 m

Anaphase
In anaphase, the
centromeres
divide.

At this point, each

chromosome goes
from having 2
sister chromatids
to being 2 separate
chromosomes

Anaphase
The spindle

fibers contract
and the
chromosomes
are pulled to
opposite poles.

Draw Anaphase

Telophase
In telophase the

nucleus actually
divides.
The chromosomes
are at the poles of
the cell.
The nuclear
envelope re-forms
around the two sets
of chromosomes.

Draw Telophase

Cytokinesis
The division of

the cytoplasm.

In animal cells,
a Cleavage
Furrow forms
and separates
Daughter Cells

Cleavage furrow in a dividing f

Cytokinesis
In plant cells, a Cell Plate forms
and separates Daughter Cells.

Cell Plate forming

ANIMAL VS. PLANT

MITOSIS

ANIMAL CELL

Centriole and
aster present
Daughter
cells
separated by
cleavage
furrow

PLANT CELL
No visible
centriole or
aster
Daughter
cells
separated by
cell plate

Mitosis: Can you name the

stages?
1
2

4
5

Mitosis: Can you name the

stages?
Prophase
2

4
5

Mitosis: Can you name the

stages?
Prophase
Metaphas
e
3

4
5

Mitosis: Can you name the

stages?
Prophase
Metaphas
e
Anaphase

4
5

Mitosis: Can you name the

stages?
Prophase
Metaphas
e
Anaphase

Telophase
5

Mitosis: Can you name the

stages?
Prophase
Metaphas
e
Anaphase

Telophase
Cytokines
is

 Phases of cell cycle- IPMATC

Interphase

Cytokinesis

 Phases of cell cycle - IPMATC

Important

Impatient

People

People

Must

May

Analyze

Attack

Tasks

Teachers

Correctly

Constantl

Cell Cycle

46

Mitosis Animation

http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm