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adaptation
Deoxyribonucleic Acid(DNA)
is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other
organisms
The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of
four chemical bases:
1. adenine (A)
2. guanine (G)
3. cytosine (C)
4. thymine (T)
Genes
which make up our DNA, provide directions for producing
our body's proteins
These proteins are vital to survival- They provide function,
regulation and structure for our tissues and organs
Description
Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and
bacteria, to help protect the body.
Example
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
Enzyme
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Messenger
Growth hormone
Structural component
Actin
Transport/storage
These proteins bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells
and throughout the body.
Ferritin
Antibody
Carcinogenesis
Three(3) Major Steps:
a. Initiation occurs rapidly and is heritable and irreversible.
Exposure to chemical, physical or biological agent
(Carcinogens)
escape normal enzymatic mechanism
alter the genetic structure of the cellular DNA
permanent damage
(mutation) to DNA.
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Atrophy
2. HYPERPLASIA
3. METAPLASIA
- results from abnormal differentiation
- reversible
- is the conversion of one cell type to another cell type
not usually found in the involved tissue
4. ATROPHY
- is a decrease in the size of tissue or organ resulting
from
decrease either in the size of individual cells or in the
number of cells composing the tissue
5. DYSPLASIA
- The enlargement of an organ or tissue by the
proliferation
of cells of an abnormal type
Cell Adaptation
Acquired
(Environmental)
DNA damaging
agents:
Chemicals
Radiations
virus
Normal Cell
DNA Damage
Inactivation of tumor
supressor genes
Alterations in genes
that regulate Apoptosis
Decreased apoptosis
Clonal Expansion
Angiogenesis
Additional Mutation
Malignant Neoplasm
Invasion and
Metastasis
Tumor Markers
The cancer cells have ability to produce some substances
tumor cell markers that are found on tumor cell
membranes and in cytoplasm.
These substances may be detected in the blood, urine or
spinal uid.
Immunochemical analysis of serum levels of tumor cell
markers enabled us:
1. to identify individuals at high risk of cancer
2. to diagnose the specic type tumor
3. to follow the clinical course of malignant disease
4. to assess eectiveness of therapy
Tumor Markers
Tumor Growth
DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER
First Mutation
Fourth Mutation
Tumor
formation
Angiogenesis
Second Mutation
Third Mutation
Invasion
Metastasis
2. Mutation of DNA
Here is the same section of DNA but from another cell. If you
can imagine that DNA is a twisted ladder, then each rung of the
ladder is a pair of joined molecules, or a base pair. With this
section of DNA, one of the base pairs is different from the
original.
This DNA has suffered a mutation, either through mis-copying
(when its parent cell divided), or through the damaging effects
of exposure to radiation or a chemical carcinogen.
5. Third mutation
Not all mutations that lead to cancerous cells result in the cells
reproducing at a faster, more uncontrolled rate. For example, a
mutation may simply cause a cell to keep from self-destructing. All
normal cells have surveillance mechanisms that look for damage
or for problems with their own control systems. If such problems
are found, the cell destroys itself.
Over time and after many cell divisions, a third mutation may arise.
If the mutation gives the cell some further advantage, that cell will
grow more vigorously than its predecessors and thus speed up the
growth of the tumour.
6. Fourth mutation
8. Angiogenesis
11. Metastasis
A. Primary tumor
Tx Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0 No evidence of primary tumor
Tis carcinoma in-situ
T1, T2, T3, T4 increasing size and/or local extent of the primary
tumor
B. Regional lymph node metastasis
Nx Regional LN cannot be assessed
N0 No regional LN metastasis
N1, N2, N3 Increasing involvement of regional LN
C. Distant metastasis
Mx Distant metastases cannot be assessed
Mo No distant metastases
M1 Distant metastases
Detection
Oncology
Lab tests for cancer
Liver function tests
CBC with differential count
Renal function tests
PET scan looks for metastasis using a radioactive
glucose solution
PT, PTT, Fibrinogen, Fibrin levels
Oncology
Lab tests for cancer
Quiz
August 2