THE SPEAKING

PROCESS
BY: GROUP 2

Organs of Speech

Organs of Speech

Organs of Speech

Organs of Speech

Organs of Speech

Organs of Speech

Organs of Speech

Organs of Speech

Organs of Speech

Organs of Speech

Organs of Speech

The Breathing Stage

Breathing,

which is primarily concerned with maintaining

life, is secondarily a force assisting in vocalization. It
consists of two phases --- inhalation and exhalation.

Lungs serve as the reservoir of air. As you inhale, fill the lungs
comfortably in preparation for speaking.

Diaphragm is a large sheet of muscle separating the chest

cavity from the abdomen; forms the floor of the chest and the
roof of the abdomen and gives pressure to the breath stream.

The Phonation Stage

Phonation Stage is the process by which the vocal folds produce certain
sounds through quasi-periodic vibration. Vocal sound is created by the opening
and closing of the vocal cords, caused by air flow from the lungs. Muscular
resistance to the air pressure also determines sounds frombreathy to pressed
or pinched.

Larynx Sound is generated in the larynx, and that is where pitch and volume are
manipulated. The strength of expiration from the lungs also contributes to loudness.
It is the principal organ of phonation that can be found at the top of the trachea.
Protuberance is known as the Adams apple.

Vocal Cords- a pair of bundles of muscles and cartilages that open and close at
various degrees.

Trachea- also known as windpipe the passageway of air going up from the lungs.

The Resonation Stage

The voice produced in phonation is weak. It becomes strong

and rich only when amplified and modified by the human
resonators. Resonation is the process of voice amplification
and modification.

The process by which the basic product ofphonationis

enhanced intimbreand/or intensity by the air-filled cavities
through which it passes on its way to the outside air.

The Resonation Stage

It is the process by which voice, or laryngeal tone, is modified when some frequency
components are dampened and others are enhanced. Modification occurs through the
pharynx, the nasal cavity, and the oral cavity.

Pharynx- it is the common passageway of air sand food. Pharynx is located behind
the nose and mouth and includes the cavity at the back of the tongue. Divisions of
the pharynx are nasal, oral and laryngeal pharynx.

Nose- consists of internal and external portions. Nostrils it is the openings of the
external nose. Internal nose, directly behind the external nose through which the
air passes on its way to the pharynx is called nasal cavity. Septum divides the
external and internal nose into two separate passageways.

Mouth- divided into two vestibule and the oral cavity proper. Vestibule felt by
placing the tongue tip outside the teeth but inside our lips. Oral cavity felt by
retracting the tongue closing the jaws and moving the tongue about.

The Articulation Stage

The thirdstageof speech production isarticulation, which is the

execution of the articulatory score by the lungs, glottis, larynx, tongue,
lips, jaw and other parts of the vocal apparatus resulting in speech.

It refers to movements of speech structures to produce speech sounds.

Articulation focuses on making individual sounds and pronunciation

focuses on stress, rhythm, and intonation of the syllables in the word.

Lips- they serve for creating different sounds- mainly the labial,
bilabial 9e.g. /p/, /b/, /m/, /hw/, and /w/) and labio-dental consonant
sounds (e.g. /f/ and /v/) - and thus create an important part of the
speech apparatus.

The Articulation Stage

Teeth- small whitish structures found in jaws and also responsible for creating
sounds mainly the labio-dental (e.g. /f/ and /v/ and ligua-dental.

Tongue- with its wide variety of possible movements, it assists in forming the
sounds of speech.

Alveolar Ridge- hard ridge behind the upper front teeth. It is between the roof of
the mouth and the upper teeth. For the sounds /s/, air from the lungs passes
continuously through the mouth, but the tongue is raised sufficiently close to
the alveolar ridge (the section of the upper jaw containing the tooth sockets) to
cause friction as it partially blocks the air that passes.

Hard Palate- a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the
mouth. The interaction between the tongue and hard palate is essential in the
formation of certain speech, sounds, notably /t/, /d/ and /j/.

The Articulation Stage

Velum (Soft Palate)- it should have holes forming that function during
speech to separate the oral cavity (mjouth) from the nose, in order to
produce the oral speech sounds. If this separation is incomplete, air
escapes through the nose during speech and the speech is perceived as
hyper nasal.

Uvula- it functions in tandem with the back of the throat, the palate, and in
air coming up from the lungs to create a number of guttural and other
sounds. In many languages, it closes to prevent air escaping through the
nose when making some sounds.

Glottis- it the combination of vocal folds and space in between the folds. As
the vocal folds vibrate, the resulting vibration produces a buzzing quality
to the speech called voice or voicing or pronunciation.

Voice Quality

Specific sounds produced in the articulation stage become more

meaningful when accompanied by an appropriate voice quality.
Vocal tones depend principally upon a steady flow of air for
adequate loudness and upon the absence of hypertension in the
larynx for purity of quality.

A voice may be intelligible, yet it may not be able to

communicate. It may be unpleasant or even irritating to listeners.
In this section, some common types of poor voice quality included
their causes and treatment will be discussed.

Voice Quality

Voices are as distinctive as our faces - no two are exactly alike.

Some of the traits that make our voices unique can be formed into
well-defined categories; fundamental frequency (high and low)
and intensity (loud or soft), are examples. Other attributes fall into
a general set of characteristics called vocal qualities.Registeris
generally considered in the category of voice qualities, although
unlike the others, it tends to be quantal, rather than continuous
perceptually. Those characteristics such as tightness, resonance or
nasality aren't easily defined - perhaps because they tend to be
present along a continuum.

Voice Quality

If we were to create an equation for an individual's unique

voice, it might looks something like this:
Voice Quality = vocal tract configuration + laryngeal
anatomy + learned component

Voice Quality

The shape of an individual's vocal tract is partly genetic, partly learned.

Necks are long or short; pharynxes may be narrow or wide. While these
attributes are genetically determined (except for configurations due to
trauma or disease), individuals may also manipulate vocal tract shape.
Highly trained singers have many tricks to change the contours of their
vocal tracts to improve the sound coming out of their mouths. Lip
rounding lengthens the vocal tract, for example.

Likewise, laryngeal anatomy is partially determined at birth: the length

of one's vocal folds is determined by genes. However, the general
hydration of one's vocal fold tissues or muscular agility of laryngeal
muscles can be at least partly controlled by vocal health and training.

Voice Quality

The learned component of the equation could also be called vocal habits.
These would be items such as rhythm and rate of speech and vowel
pronunciation. Rhythm, obviously, includes mannerisms such as periodic
pauses to search for the right word, while rate refers to the speed of an
individual's syllables and speech. (The average rate of speech for English
speakers in the United States is about 150 words per minute, by the
way.) A speaker's habits also influence how much air pressure is used to
produce sound and how s/he uses laryngeal muscles to open and close
the vocal folds.

Deviations in Quality
3 main categories of defects of voice quality

The throaty voice

originates

from the throat sounds "mushy", unclear and

poorly projected

sometimes

described as coarse, heavy, hoarse, husky or

hollow
sometimes

caused by temporary physical condition such

as common cold or pharyngitis.

Deviations in Quality
The

thin voice

sometimes

called weak voice, more often present

in women than in men

generally

caused by the pitch range that is not

suited to the structures of speech mechanisms

voices

that are breathy, harsh, metallic, thin or

whining fall under this category

Deviations in Quality
The

Nasal Voice

caused

by disturbances in the nasal resonance.

* nasal voice - result of nasalizing oral sounds. *

denasal voice

The

Denasal Voice

result

of not nasalizing nasal sounds.

Analysis of Voices
In

correcting voice quality, always start by

listening critically to the voice of others.
1. Describe this voice according to type of quality

and degree of severity.

2. With this, analyze and evaluate your own voice
(e.g through recording).
3. As you evaluate/ listen to your own voice,
allowance for any distortions must be given.

Analysis of Voices
4. Compare your recording with another
recording of someone whom you admire.
5. Listen objectively to both recorded voices
and evaluate them according to quality, pitch,
intensity and rate.