DPSP-2004

Phase Comparison Protection

Harmeet Kang

Phase Comparison
Advantages
Mode of protection where PLC exists.
Provides unit protection without fibre optic connection.
No VT input required.
Communication medium is as reliable as the Power Line itself.

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

Phase Comparison

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

Carrier transmission

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

Principle of Phase Comparison Normal Load Conditions

End Y

End X

I Y(+)

Mark
Space

Terminal currents

Modulated signals
Mark

IX (+)

Mark
Space

Mark

Composite - (usually no PLC signal transmission for lo

5

IX + IY = No gap BLOCK

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

Stability on Load

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

Principle of Phase Comparison-Internal Fault

End Y

End X

I Y(+)

IX (+)
IF
+
-

Mark
Space

Terminal currents

Modulated signals

Mark

Space

Mark
Space

Composite modulated signal

7

IX + IY = Gap TRIP

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

Internal Fault

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

Principle of Phase Comparison External Fault

End Y

End X

I Y(+)

IX (+)
IF
+
Mark
Space

Terminal currents

Modulated signals
Mark

+
-

Mark
Space

Mark

Composite modulated signal

9

IX + IY =

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

BLOCK
9

External Fault

10

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

10

Principle of Phase Comparison

Tripping
= 1800

S
S

= 00

Blocking

Tripping

SYSTEM STABILITY ANGLE - s.

11

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

11

Principle of Phase Comparison

s is the system stability angle, recommended setting 30o.

s compensates for general tolerances in PLC, relay, CT non-linearity
and changes in atmospheric conditions since the last propagation
delay measurement.
A 30o setting (-30o to +30o) means that a carrier gap/space of longer
than 30/360 = 1/12th cycle, is needed to trip
c increases s, to remove any false gap due to charging current
creating a difference between infeed and outfeed current
c is controlled by Ic setting: the charging current contribution from
one end the line (1/2 of total line charging current)

12

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

12

Phase Comparison Protection

Modulated Local
From Remote End

Example: For a stability angle of 30 degrees and nominal

frequency of 50 Hertz.
The width of the measured gap (g) that the relay will
be

looking for to give a trip decision is :g > ( 30/360) x (1/50) = 1.66 ms

Note: Charging current compensation is not included

in
13

this example
> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

13

Charging current compensation

B
-IMRemote
Tripping
= 1800

C
S
S

Tripping

L
IC
IMLocal

O
C

= 00

K
-IMRemote

14

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

14

Dynamic Compensation
c / 2
IM

IC

Without compensation

With compensation

g = S

g Sc
15

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

IC = IM sin c/2
IC/IM = sin c/2
c =2 sin-1(IC/IM)

g = Effective gap to Trip

15

Charging current compensation

IC/IM= 0.2, 3- fault or load switching

Charging Current Compensation

IC/IM= 0.4, 3- fault or load switching

Charging Current Compensation

IC/IM= 0.4, - fault

Functional Blocks

19

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

19

Modulating Quantity
Unbalanced faults will have negative sequence component
The positive sequence component is used to counter the
effects of the negative sequence component due to
unbalanced charging current and in the case of three phase
faults.
The modulating quantity is

where 3K20

-I1 + KI2

20

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

20

Adaptive K - Intelligent Mode Setting

35
30

25
20
15
10
5
0
0

10

Pre Fault Load /Earth Fault Setting

21

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

21

Starters - to Detect the Fault and Control Carrier

Send & Tripping
Starters

Delta/Impulse -ve sequence

(0.05- 0.6 In)

Delta/Impulse +ve sequence

(0.05-0.6 In)

Threshold -ve sequence (I2)

Fault

3
2
1
0
-1 1 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 67 73
-2
-3
-4

(0.05 - 5.0 In)

Delta always set more sensitive

IA s
IB s
IC s

(0.05 -5.0 In)

Threshold +ve sequence (I1)

Prefaul
t4

Neg Delta
0.8
0.6
0.4

Neg Delta

0.2
0
1

10

13

16

19

22

25

= Superimposed
23

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

23

Marginal Guard

24

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

24

External Fault

25

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

25

Internal Fault

26

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

26

Phase Comparison Protection

Auxiliary Functions
Channel Test
On Load Stability Test
Propagation Delay measurement
Receiver Symmetry Adjustment
Unstabilising Facility

27

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

27

Propagation Delay
Where is the propagation delay
introduced?
Delay in supplying i/p pulse to PLC equipment, PLC equipment
processing time (rising edge and lag at switch off burst on
falling edge).
Delay at receiving end - PLC processing time and delay by the
relay in measuring the time period of the input pulse.
Propagation delay of the HF carrier along the power line
(negligible = 3.3 s per km)

28

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

28

Propagation Delay
Why does the propagation delay need to be considered ?
If it is not considered the effective stability
angle s has to be set much higher
This would limit the maximum line length

Propagation delay test is automatically instigated at user set

time intervals

29

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

29

MASTER(Local)
Tx1on

Tx1of

Measuring propagation delay

& symmetry adjustment
SLAVE(Remote
)

Rx1on Rx1of
10 ms
pulse

20 ms wait
Rx2on Rx2of

Tx1on

Rx1on Rx1of

20 ms wait
Tx2on

Tx1of

Tx2of
Rx2of Rx2on

10 ms
pulse

Local Symmetry=(Rx1OFF - Rx1ON)-10 msecs

Time

Time

The propagation delay = (Rx2ON-Tx1ON - 20) / 2 msecs

Remote Symmetry=(Rx2OFF - Rx2ON)-10 msecs

30

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

30

Local Symmetry Measurement

PLC equipment tends to elongate any sent ON pulse
As the relay sends a 10ms ON pulse to the PLC, it is injected onto the
power line as a burst of carrier which causes channel pickup at both
local and remote ends.
The PLC channel receive input at the local end P547 receives an echo of
the sent pulse.
This local end echo is used to check for local transmit/receive
symmetry

Local echo
31

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

31

Remote Symmetry Measurement

PLC equipment tends to elongate any sent ON pulse
As the relay sends a 10ms ON pulse to the PLC, it is injected onto the
power line as a burst of carrier which causes channel pickup at both
local and remote ends.
After a fixed 20ms wait interval, the remote end P547 returns the
received pulse.
The returned echo is used to check for remote transmit/receive
symmetry

Loop echo

32

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

32

Propagation Delay Measurement

The master relay sends a 10ms ON pulse to the PLC, it is injected
onto the power line as a burst of carrier which causes channel pickup
at the remote end.
After a fixed 20ms wait interval, the remote end P547 returns the
received pulse.
The time interval between the sent and received pulse, minus the 20ms
wait is the loop delay.
One-way channel delay is half the loop delay.

Loop echo

33

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

33

Commissioning:
On Load Stability Test (1)

Propagation delay measurement is used for hand

shaking
The relays at both ends key the carrier using the
modulated load current for 150 ms
3 Gaps less than stability angle constitutes a
successful measurement
This procedure indicates phase rotation and CT polarity
errors

34

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

34

On Load Stability Test (2)

End Y

End X

I Y(+)

Mark
Space

Terminal currents

Modulated signals
Mark

IX (+)

Mark
Space

Mark
XX
X

Modulated load current = 150ms continuous mark = OK

If CT reversed (orange), Gaps appear
35

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

35

Unstabilising Facility
End X

I X
(+)

IF

IY(+)

End Y

Busbar
Protection
OPTO

Fault within short zone between circuit breaker and CT

Blocking condition for the relay - EXTERNAL FAULT
Busbar protection can provide unstabilising input to the phase
comparison scheme via an opto-input
Relay at End X will trip and carrier transmission will cease, enabling
relay at End Y to trip as well

36

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

36

Application Setting (1):

Unbalanced Loading

Railway
transformer
I2 Low Set Starter must be set greater
than standing load unbalance
I2 High Set needs to be 125% to 200%
of the low set to give margin

37

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

37

Application Setting (2):

Positive Sequence Starters

I1 low set must be set above the maximum load current

I1 low set must be set above peak power swing current, to
prevent Continuous Transmission Alarm being raised for slow
swings

Typical swing = 2 In ; set to 2.5 or 3 In.

I1 high set needs to be 125% to 200% of low set to give adequate
margin

38

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

38

Application Setting (3):

-ve Sequence Delta Starters

39

(3 x I2 High Set) = Effective earth fault

sensitivity of the scheme

Starters are set more sensitive than threshold

starters

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

39

Application Setting (4):

+ve Sequence Delta Starters
Line
Ich(L)

Ich(R)

High set must be set above total line

charging current (2 x Ich) to avoid
tripping for closing CB
High set should be set < 3 phase fault
level, typically 50% of Ifmin 3
40

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

40

Phase Comparison
Summary
Simple unit protection
No need for digital communications
PLC is under the utilitys control, unlike third party
telecommunications
Unit protection option without continuous communication ON/OFF mode
Periodic channel test ensures proper operation

41

> Phase Comparison Protection - DPSP 2004

41

Thank You