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Matter
CHEMISTRY AS LEVEL CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
BY: DANICA PRINZESSIN (DANICA PUTRI)
States of matter
Gas:
1. No fixed
shape or
volume
2. Randomly
arraged
3. Far apart, can
be
compressed
4. Move freely
in all
directions
Liquid:
1. Follow the shape of
the container
2. Close together
3. Fixed volume
4. Compressed slighty
5. Arraged fairly
randomly
6. Limited movement in
all directions
Solid:
1. Fixed shape and
volume
2. Touching each other
3. Cant be compressed
4. Regular arrangement
5. Can vibrate only
The Gasseous
State
Ideal Gases:
The volume depends on:
1. Pressure, measure in pascals (Pa)
2. Temperature, measure in Kelvin (K), 0
celcius=273K
Boiling Point:
Liquid to Gass
Energy transferred make the particles
move faster.
The forces attraction of the prticles
weaker.
The particle with most energy are the first
to escape from the forces holding.
Evaporates.
Move fast and randomly , then the particles
spread
out.
Melting
Point:
Solid to Liquid
The particles vibrate more vigorously.
The forces attraction of particles are
weaker.
Temperature is higher than 0 degree
celcius.
Freezing Point:
Liquid to Solid
Loss kinetic energy.
Increasing forces attraction of
particles .
Lattice:
Ions, atoms, or molcules
arrangement in the solid
substance.
1. Ionic lattices
Characteristic:
. Hard.
. Brittle.
. High melting points.
. High boiling points.
. Many of them are soluble in water.
. Only conduct electricity when molten or
in solution.
Giant Ionic: (e.g. NaCl, MgO)
. Dissolvent in water.
. Free ions.
. Conduct electricity.
2. Metallic Lattices
Characteristic:
The layers can slide over each other.
Delocalised elestron.
Lattice of kations.
Shiny.
Malleable.
Conduct electricity.
When the layer slide, new metallic
bond are easily re-formed between
ions.
3. Alloys
Mixture of 2 or more metals or metal
with non-metal.
The metal added to create the alloy
becomes part of the crystal lattice of
the other metal.
Characteristic:
The presence of different sized
metal ions makes the arrangement
of tle lattices less regular.
Layers cant slide easily.
Stronger than pure metal.
e.g.
1. Zinc 30% and Copper 70%.
4. Simple
molecular
Characteristic:
Can forms crystals.
Weak van der waals forces.
Strong covalent bonds.
Easily broken when heated
Forms crystal lattice.
Hydrogen bond:
H binds with element F,N, and O
Characteristic:
High boiling point
Interact with other atoms are negative or
electron-rich.
5. Giant mollecular
structure
Graphite
The carbon atoms are arranged in
planar layer, form hexagon layers.
Each carbon atom is joined to 3 other
carbon atoms by strong covalent
bonds.
4th electron of each carbon atom
occupies at p orbital.
Softness, the layers can slide.
Good conductor of electricity.
High melting and boiling points.
e.g. Pencil, lubricant.
Diamond
Each carbon atom forms 4 covalent
bonds with other carbon atoms.
High melting points and boiling
ponts.
Hardness.
Doesnt conduct electricity or heat.
Artifical diamonds can be made by
heating other forms of carbon under
high pressure.
Silicon (IV)oxide
Structure smiliar to diamond.
Each oxygen atom is bonded to only
2 silicon atoms.
Each silicon atom is bonded to 4
oxygen atoms.
Colourless crystals.
High melting point and boiling
point.
Doesnt conduct electricity.
Hardness.
6. Ceramics
Ceramics: An inorganic non-metallic
solid which is prepared by heating a
substance or mixture of substances to a
high temperature.
Characteristic:
Very high melting point and boiling
points.
Dont conduct electricity, theyre
electrical insulators.
Dont conduct heat, no free
electrons.
Retain strength at high temperature
above 550 degree celcius
(refractories).
Hard.
Unreactive chemically.
Uses of ceramics:
Ceramics containing Magnesium
oxide:
Refractory in furnace linings.
Electrical insulators in industrial
electrical cabel.
Fire resistant wall furnaces.
Ceramics containing Aluminium Oxide:
Refractory in furnace linings.
As an abrasive for grinding hard
materials.
In transparent aluminium oxide for
furnaces and military vechiles.
Ceramics containing silicon(IV)oxide:
Refractory in furnace linings.
As an abrasive.
Manufacture of glass.
Conserving material
Recycling advantages:
Saves energy.
Conserves supplies of the ore.
Less waste.
Landfill sites dont get filled up
fast.
Cheaper than extracting the
metal from the ore.
Aluminium:
Isnt necessary to extract the
aluminium is much cheaper than
extracting aluminium from bauxite
ore.
Doesnt need the treatment of
bauxite.
The aluminium scrap needs less
energy to melt it.
The expensive electrolysis of
aluminium oxide doesnt need to be
carried out.
Thanks