UNIT-II

AUTO TRANSFORMER

Auto Transformer
Auto transformer has one winding only part of this being
common to both primary and secondary.
Primary and secondary are not electrically isolated
Theory and operation are similar to that of two winding
transformer

V2 N 2 I1

K
V1 N1 I 2

Saving of Cu
Saving Wo Wa
Wa (1 K )Wo
where

Wo (1 K )W0 KWo

W0 wt. of Cu in ordinary transformer

Wa wt . of Cu in auto transformer

Saving KW0

Power transformed inductively (1 K ) input

Power transformed conductively K input

UNIT-III
INDUCTION MOTORS
AND
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

INDUCTION MOTOR

Terminals of 3 Phase induction Motor

INDUCTION MOTOR
Induction Motor

DC Motor

Conversion Electric power into

Mechanical power takes places in
the rotating part of an Electric
Motor

Conversion Electric power into

Mechanical power takes places in
the Armature through brushes and
commutator.

In AC motors the rotor does not In the sense DC motor called as

receive
electric
power
by Conduction motor
conduction but by induction like
Transformer secondary
That why such motor called

Induction motor
Induction motor can be treated as

Rotating transformer

Principle of Operation

120 f
NS
P
R

3,440V, 50HZ
AC Supply

3 ,440V, 50HZ
AC Supply

N N S (1 S )
B

Construction of 3 induction
Motor
An induction motor consists of two main parts
(a) Stator - Stationary Part
(b) Rotor Rotating Part
(a) Stator
Stator of induction motor same as that of a synchronous motor
or generator.
It is made up of a number of stampings, which are slotted to
receive the windings.
The stator carriers a 3 phase winding and fed from 3 phase
supply.
The exact number of poles being determined by the
requirement of speed.

 Grater the number of poles lesser the speed and vice versa.
When 3 phase winding supply with 3 phase current, produce a
magnetic flux with constant magnitude but which revolves at
120 f
N

synchronous speed (given by S P )

This revolving magnetic flux induced e.m.f. in the rotor by
mutual induction

(b) Rotor:
(i)Squirrel-cage rotor
(ii)Slip-ring or phase wound or wound rotor
(i)Squirrel-cage rotor
Motor employing this type of rotor are known as squirrel cage
induction motor
Almost 90% of induction motor are squirrel cage type
The rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with parallel
slots for carrying the rotor conductors
Conductors not a wires but consists of heavy bars of copper,
aluminium or alloys
Ends of the rotor bars are short circuited by using end-rings

 It should be noted that the rotor bars are permanently short

circuited themselves, hence it is not possible to add any external
resistance in series with the rotor circuit for starting purpose.

The rotor slots usually are not quite parallel to the shaft but are
purposely given a slight skew
It helps to make the motor run quietly by reducing the magnetic
hum
It helps to reduce the locking tendency of the rotor

(ii) Slip-Ring Rotor:

The three phases are starred internally
And the other three winding terminals are
connected to three Insulated slip ring
mounted on the Shaft with brushes.
These three brushes are externally
Connected to 3 phase star connected Rheostat.
This makes possible the introduction of additional resistance in
the rotor circuit during the starting period for increasing starting
torque.

 When running under normal operating condition

the slip rings are automatically short circuited and
act like a squirrel cage rotor

Types of 3 Phase Induction Motor

According to rotor construction it can be classified
into two types
(i) Squirrel-cage Induction motor
(ii) Slip-Ring Induction motor

Squirrel-cage Rotor

Cut view of Slip ring Induction Motor

Construction
Squirrel cage rotor

Wound rotor

Notice the
slip rings

Comparison of Squirrel-cage and Slip ring

Induction motor
Squirrel cage Induction
Motor

Slip ring Induction Motor

Most of the application of industrial as

well as domestic are this type of
induction motor.

This type of induction motor are used

where High starting torque is required

Its construction is simple and rugged

Construction is complicated

Maintenance is easy

Maintenance cost is high compare to

squirrel cage IM

Cost is less compare to slip ring IM

High Cost Compare to squirrel cage IM

Can use at explosive area

Can not use at explosive area

Starting torque is low compare to slip

ring IM

It has high starting torque compare to

squirrel cage IM

Applications
Squirrel cage Induction Motor:
Leath machine, Compressors, centrifugal pump,
in agriculture etc. where cost is most important
factor
Slip-ring Induction Motor
Crane, hoist, lift and where high starting torque is
required

Induction motor speed

At what speed will the IM run?

Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?

If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the same
speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor will
appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and the
rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is generated
and the rotor speed will fall below the synchronous speed
When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will cut
the rotor windings and a torque is produced

Induction motor speed

So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than
the synchronous speed
The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip
NS N
% Slip S
100
NS
N N S (1 S )
Where S = slip speed
Ns = Speed of the magnetic field
N = Rotor Speed

Frequency
What would be the frequency of the rotors induced
voltage at any speed nm?

fr s f
f Supply frequency
S slip
f r frequency of rotor induced emf

Equivalent Circuit

Equivalent Circuit

R2
1
R2 R2 1 it consist of two parts
s
s

(i ) the first part R2 represent the Cu loss

1
1 is the electrical equivalent
s

of the mechanical load

(ii ) the sec ond part is R2

Equivalent Circuit

If transformation ratio assumed to be

constant K=1

Torque Equation
E2

T I 2 Cos2

E2
I2

Z2

T K I 2 Cos2
T K1 E2 I 2 Cos2
T K1 E 2

E2
R X
2
2

2
2

E R2
T K1 2
R2 X 22

R X
2
2

R22 X 22

Z2

R2

2
2

E2

X2

2
2

R2

cos 2

R2
R22 X 22

Torque Equation
E22 R2
T K1 2
R2 X 22
3
E22 R2
T
2N S R22 X 22
3
E22 R2
TSt
( Starting Torque )
2
2
2N S R2 X 2
3
SE22 R2
T
(Torque under Running Conditions )
2
2
2N S R2 ( SX 2 )

Useful Formulas
1

120 f
Synchronous speed , N S
P
f Supply frquency
P Number of poles
NS N
% Slip s
100
NS
N S Syncronous Speed
N Rotor Speed
S Slip
N N S (1 S )

Useful Formulas
Frequency of rotor Current or emf under running condition

f ' sf
4

Rotor emf under running condition,

Er sE2
E2 Rotor emf under s tan dstill condition

Rotor reac tan ce under running condition,

X r sX 2

Useful Formulas
6

3
E22 R2
Starting Torque , TSt
2N S R22 X 22

3
SE22 R2
Torque under Running Conditions , T
2N S R22 ( SX 2 ) 2

Condition for max imum starting torque R2 X 2

Condition for max imum running torque R2 sX 2

Problems
1. A slip ring induction motor runs at 290 rpm at full load when
connected to 50 Hz supply. Determine the number of poles
and slip when rotating magnetic field speed is 300rpm.

Solution:
Given data : N 290rpm, f 50 Hz, N s 300rpm
NS N
120 f
Formulas : N s
, %S
100
P
NS
Answers:

P 20, s 3.33%

Problems
2. A 4 pole, 3 phase induction motor operates from a supply
whose frequency is 50 Hz calculate:
(i) The speed at which magnetic field of the stator rotating.
(ii) The speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04.
(iii)The frequency of the rotor current when the slip is 0.03.
(iv)The frequency of the rotor current at stand still.
Solution:

120 f 120 50
(i ) N S

1500rpm
P
4

(ii ) N N S (1 S ) 1500(1 0.04) 1440rpm

(iii ) f ' sf 0.03 50 1.5rps 90rpm

(iv ) f ' sf 1 50 50rpm

Relation between Torque and slip

Characteristics
KSE22 R2
Torque equation, T 2
R2 ( SX 2 ) 2

at starting , s 0, T 0
at low slip R2 X 2 , T

S
S
R2

max imum torque obtained at R2 sX 2

at high slip, R2 X 2 , T

S 1

2
S
S

Power stages in an induction motor

Power stages in an induction motor

Important Conclusion
P2 : Pm : PCr 1 : (1 s ) : s
P2 Rotor input
Pm Mechanical output
PCr Rotor cu loss

SINGLE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR
(Not Self Starting Motor)

Single phase Induction Motor

There are two
Main Poles

Squirrel-Cage Rotor

Single-Phase Mains Supply

ECE 441

41

Single phase Induction Motor

It has distributed stator winding and squirrel cage rotor
When single phase supply is applied to stator winding it
produces alternating flux. Which is not synchronously revolving
as in the case of a two or a three phase stator winding, fed from
two or three phase supply
Now an alternating flux acting on a squirrel cage rotor cannot
produce a rotation
That is why induction motor is not self starting.
However if the rotor of such a machine is given an initial start by
hand (or small motor) or otherwise in either direction, then
immediately a torque is arises and a motor is accelerates to it
final speed

Single phase Induction Motor

That particular behavior of the motor has been
explained in two ways
(i) By Two field or double field revolving theory
(ii) By Cross field revolving theory

Double field revolving theory

From the fundamental principle any alternating quantity
can be resolved into two quantities which rotates in
opposite directions and have half of the magnitude.

Double field revolving theory

Resultant flux

Double field revolving theory

Double field revolving theory

Double field revolving theory

Making single phase IM self Starting or

Operating principle

Making single phase IM self Starting

or Operating principle

Making single phase IM self Starting

or Operating principle

Making single phase IM self Starting

or Operating principle

Making single phase IM self Starting

or Operating principle

Types of single phase induction motor

(i) Resistance split phase motor
(ii) Capacitor split phase motor
(iii)Capacitor starts and capacitor run motor
(iv)Shaded pole motor

1. Resistance split phase motor

2. Capacitor split phase motor

3.Capacitor starts and capacitor run motor

4. Shaded pole motor

4. Shaded pole motor

ALTERNATORS

Alternators
Construction:
1. Stator Armature system
2. Rotor field system
(a) Salient pole type
(b) Smooth cylindrical type

EMF equation

EMF equation

Problems on EMF equations

1. 3 phase 16 pole alternator has connected has a
star connected winding with 144 slots and 10
conductors per slot. The flux per pole 0.04 wb
and is sinusoidally distributed. The speed is 375
rpm. Find frequency, phase emf and line emf.
The coil span is 160 degree electrical.
Given data:
3 ,16 pole, 144 slots, 10 conductor / slot

0.04 wb, N 375 rpm, coil span 1600 electrical

PN 16 375
f

50 HZ
120
120

E ph 4.44 K c K d f T

180 0 160 0 20 0
K c cos 2 cos 10 0 0.985
sin m 2
Kd
m sin 2

180 0
180
180

200
No.of slot / pole
n 144 / 16
144
m No.of slot / phase / pole
3
3 16

sin 3( 20 2)
Kd
0.96
3 sin( 20 2)

Z 2T , T

Z 144 10

240
2
2

E ph 4.44 K c K d f T
E ph 4.44 0.985 0.96 50 0.04 240
E ph 2015.26 volt

EL 3 E ph 3 2015.26 3490.54 Volt

Problems on EMF equations

2. A 3 phase, 16 pole alternator has a star connected
winding with 144 slots and 10 conductor per slot. The
flux per pole is 0.03 Wb , sinusoidally distributed and
the speed is 375 rpm. Find the frequency and the phase
emf and line emf. Assume full pitched coil

Solution:

PN 16 375
f

50 HZ
120
120

E ph 4.44 K c K d f T
For full pitched coil K c 1

Problems on EMF equations

sin m 2
Kd
m sin 2
180 0
180
180

200
No.of slot / pole
n 144 / 16
m No.of slot / phase / pole

sin 3( 20 2)
Kd
0.96
3 sin( 20 2)

144
3
3 16

Z 144 10
Z 2T , T
240
2
2

Problems on EMF equations

E ph 4.44 K c K d f T
E ph 4.44 1 0.96 50 0.03 240
E ph 1534 volt

EL 3 E ph 3 15.34 2658Volt

Regulation of Alternator
The percentage regulation is defined as the ration
of change in terminal voltage from full load to no
load to rated terminal voltage
E0 V
Percentage regulation
100
V
where, E0 No load terminal voltage
V Full load terminal voltage

METHODS
1. EMF or Synchronous impedance method
2. MMF or Ampere turn method
3. Zero power factor method