Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Teaching / Learning
Assessment Methods
Course Structure
Wk
Topics
Learning
Outcome
s
Discuss
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5
Solid Fuels
Details
Describe
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6
0
7
Solid Fuels
Nuclear
Energy
Explain
Describe
Discuss
Discuss
Describe
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Game Plan
Week
Course Structure
Deliverables
05
Solid Fuels
Coal, Peat
06
Solid Fuels
Peat, Wood
07
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear,
08
09
Quiz on Nuclear
Lubrication
Lubrication
Lubrication
Lubrication
Quiz on Lubrication
Source: https://www.worldenergy.org/publications/2016/world-energyresources-2016/
40%
42%
3% 8%
Biomass
Major Hydro
8%
Petroleum
New Renewable Energy
Coal
Source: https://www.worldenergy.org/publications/2016/world-energyresources-2016/
Coal: Introduction
Coal has been used in many societies throughout the world for a
very long time. Upon his return from China, Marco Polo (1254
1324) described a black stone that burned like wood.
This material, evidently unfamiliar to him, had been used by the
Chinese perhaps as early as 1000 B.C.E.to smelt metal.
Romans were mining coal in England by 400 C.E., and long before
the arrival of Columbus, Native Americans of the Southwest were
using coal.
In most early societies, the alternative to coal was wood.
Historically, of course, wood has also been an important source of
energy, but there were two important reasons that some early
societies turned to coal.
Coal: Formation
Coal is a readily combustible rock containing more than 50% by
weight or more than 70% by volume of carbonaceous material
including inherent moisture.
Brown and hard coal developed through a process of partial
decomposition under air-deficient conditions of plant matter that had
accumulated on land and in swamps during previous geological
periods.
By continued deposition of sediments and plant debris, the older
sediments gradually sank to greater depths and, with growing
pressure and a resulting dewatering process, become compacted.
Coal: Formation
Under anaerobic conditions, the organic substance undergo
a change in form (metamorphosis) due to pressure and
heat, which is called coalification.
Peat formation and the formation of soft brown coal are the
first steps of the coalification process.
With greater depths, higher pressures and rising
temperatures, coalification proceeds (thermal
metamorphosis), hard brown coal develops from soft brown
coal and, eventually, hard coal is formed.
Coal: Formation
Coal: Formation
The coalification process involves an increase in the fraction of
solid carbon and a decrease in the volatile matter content of the
material.
In the early stages of decomposition, the formation of H 2O, CO2
and N2 predominates; in advanced stages, CH4 is mainly formed.
The increasing pressure pushes the water content down further
and further. The moisture content decreases from about 15%
maximum.
Volatiles diminish from a fraction of 75 to 10%.
As a consequence of the release of CH4 and CO2, the C content
increases from about 50 to more than 90%.
Coal: Classification
Generally, coals are grouped according to particular
properties as defined by their:
Rank - degree of metamorphism
Type - constituent plant materials
Grade - degree of impurities and calorific value
Moisture
Volatile Matter
As Received
~75%
Carbon
Content
Dry Ash Free
<60%
Lignite
35 - 55%
63 - 53%
65 - 70%
Sub-bituminous C
30 - 38%
53 - 50%
70 - 72%
Sub-bituminous B
25 - 30%
50 - 46%
72 - 74%
Sub-bituminous A
18 - 25%
46 - 42%
74 - 76%
12 - 18%
46 - 42%
76 - 78%
10 -12%
42 - 38%
78 - 80%
8 - 10%
38 - 31%
80 - 82%
8 - 10%
31 - 22%
82 - 86%
8 - 10%
22 - 14%
86 - 90%
Calorific Value
As received
3,500 kcal/kg
4,000 - 4,200
kcal/kg
4,200 - 4,600
kcal/kg
4,600 - 5,000
kcal/kg
5,000 - 5,500
kcal/kg
5,500 5,900
kcal/kg
5,900 - 6,300
kcal/kg
6,300 - 7,000
kcal/kg
7,000 - 8,000
kcal/kg
8,000 - 8,600
kcal/kg
Oxygen
Content
Dry Ash Free
>23%
23%
20%
18%
16%
12%
10%
8%
4%
3%
Description
Additional Information
Vitrinite:
oxygen-rich moderate
Hydrogen moderately
aromatic
Liptinite:
hydrogen-rich highly
aliphatic
Inertinite:
carbon-rich highly
aromatic
Corresponding Ash%
+ Moisture % at
(60% RH & 40OC)
19.6 to 23.8
23.9 to 28.6
28.7 to 34.0
34.1 to 40.0
40.1 to 47.0
47.1 to 55.0
Ash Content
Steel Grade - I
Ash 15%
Washery Grade -I
Coal: Composition
As Received (AR or RAW):
includes Total moisture
(Tm)
Air Dried (AD): includes
Inherent moisture (Im)
Dry Basis (DB): excludes
all Moisture
Dry Ash Free (DAF):
excludes all Moisture &
Ash
Dry Mineral Material Free
(DMMF): excludes Volatile
Coal: Elemental
composition - Inorganic
Some of the
Mineral species
found in coals
Coal: Cycle
Coal
Preparation
High
efficiency
Combustion
Coal
Reforming
and
Processing
Handling
Liquefaction
Gasification
Flue Gas
Treatment
Ash
Utilization
Pyrolysis
Coal: Gasification
Major Reactions
Coal: Safety
Coal: Economics