2010-09

Security Level: Internal Use

LTE system principle

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Objectives

Upon completion of this course, you will be

able to

Know the backgrounds of evolution

Know system architecture of LTE

Know key features of LTE

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References

3GPP TS 36.401

3GPP TS 36.101

3GPP TS 36.211

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Contents
1. Overview
2. LTE system architecture
3. LTE key features

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Contents
1. Overview
2. LTE system architecture
3. LTE key features

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Mobile communications standards

landscape

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3GPP Releases

3GPP is working on two approaches for 3G evolution: the LTE and

the HSPA Evolution

HSPA Evolution is aimed to be backward compatible while LTE do not

need to be backward compatible with WCDMA and HSPA

By the end of 2007, 3GPP R8 is released as the first specs of LTE

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LTE will be the Single Global Standard

>1.2Gbps
/80MHz

GSM
Spectral Efficiency

700M

New
Key
Tec
Title
300Mbps h.

800M
850M
900M

UMTS
150Mbp
s
84Mbps/20MHz
/10MHz

1500M
1700M
1800M

CDMA

1900M

42Mbps
DC
/5MHz

2100M
2300M

TD-SCDMA

2600M

WiMAX

28Mbps
/5MHz 2x2
21Mbps
MIMO
/5MHz
2x2
64QAM MIMO

2x2
MIM
O

64QAM 64QAM

2x2
MIMO

OFD
M
64QAM

FDD LTE

/20MHz

Relay

4x4
MIMO

OFDM

4x4
MIMO

OFDM

TDD LTE

64QAM 64QAM

LTE will be the natural migration choice for mobile

operators.
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SDR Facilitating Smooth Evolution

Spectrum for LTE

Smooth Transition to LTE

GSM+UMTS

LTE

2600MHz

UMTS

2100MHz

SDR

SDR

LTE

LTE

GSM
GSM

1800MHz

GSM
UMTS

900MHz

2010

GSM
UMTS
LTE

800
M

900M

2011

1800
M

MRFU

LTE
LTE

800MHz

Technolo
gy

mRRU

LTE

SDR
2012

2100
M

2.6G

SDR

GSM+LTE
Spectrum refarming starts from
900M/1800M, which can be
utilized for LTE deployment.
SDR technology supports flexible
and smooth transition from
2G/3G to LTE.

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LTE requirements and targets

Reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment (less

then 100ms) and transmission latency (less then 10ms)

Increased user data rates: (Peak data-rate requirements are 100

Mbit/s and 50 Mbit/s for downlink and uplink respectively, when
operating in 20MHz spectrum allocation)

Improved spectral efficiency

Seamless mobility, including between different radio-access

technologies

Supporting flexible spectrum allocation (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20

MHz) to meet the complicated spectrum situation requirement

Simplified network architecture

Reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal.

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LTE technical features

The LTE downlink transmission scheme is based on downlink

OFDMA and uplink SC-FDMA

LTE adopts shared-channel transmission, in which the timefrequency resource is dynamically shared between users.
This is similar to the approach taken in HSDPA

Fast hybrid ARQ with soft combining is used in LTE

MIMO is supported by LTE, basically this is Spatial

multiplexing which can increase data rate prominently

LTE supports flexible spectrum allocation in terms of duplex

arrangement which support both FDD and TDD and
bandwidth allocations which ranges 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20
MHz

Support SON

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LTE frequency bands

LTE is designed to operate in these frequency bands

2.1GHz, 1.9GHz, 1.7GHz, 2.6GHz, 900 MHz, 800 MHz, 450

MHz, etc , refer to 36.101 for details.

Transmission bandwidth could be:

Channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz]

1.4

10

15

20

Transmission bandwidth configuration NRB

15

25

50

75

100

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LTE Release 8 Bands

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Carrier Frequency EARFCN

Calculation

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Example

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LTE standardization and specifications

Huawei mirror site for 3GPP specifications.

http://szxmir01-in.huawei.com/www.3gpp.org/www.3gpp.org

The specification document for LTE is 36 series, inherits

the structure of UTRAN 25 series:

36.1xx series is about the physical layer general aspect

36.2xx series is about radio interface physical layer

36.3xx series is about the radio interface layer 2 and 3

36.4xx series is about the terrestrial interfaces (S1, X2 )

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Contents
1. Overview
2. LTE system architecture
3. LTE key features

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LTE System architecture

UMTS

LTE

LTE: simplified IP flat architecture

Less equipment node and easier deployment

Less transmission delay and easier O&M

S1 and X2 interfaces are based on a full IP transport stack

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LTE-SAE System architecture

An evolved core network, the Evolved Packet Core is at the same

time developed, which generally is called System Architecture
Evolution.

The philosophy of the SAE is to focus on the packet-switched

domain, and migrate away from the circuit-switched domain

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E-UTRAN functions

Transfer of user data

Radio channel ciphering

Inter-cell interference
coordination

and deciphering

Connection setup and release

Integrity protection

Load Balancing

Header compression

Distribution function for NAS

Mobility control

messages

functions

NAS node selection function

Handover

Synchronization

Paging

Radio access network sharing

Positioning

MBMS function

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Contents
1. Overview
2. TE system architecture
3. LTE key features

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Basic principles of OFDM

Transmission by means of OFDM can be seen as a kind of multicarrier transmission.

Due to the fact that two modulated OFDM subcarriers are mutually
orthogonal, multiple signals could be transmitted in parallel over the
same radio link, the overall data rate can be increased up to M times.

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Why use OFDM?

Efficient use of radio spectrum includes placing modulated carriers

as close as possible without causing Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI)

In order to transmit high data rates, short symbol periods must be

used, In a multi-path environment, a shorter symbol period leads to a
greater chance for Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI).

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) addresses both

of these problems:

OFDM provides a technique allowing the bandwidths of modulated

carriers to overlap without interference (no ICI).

It also provides a high date rate with a long symbol duration, thus
helping to eliminate ISI.

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OFDM implementation by IFFT/FFT

OFDM modulation implementation in LTE

Normally ,assume LTE sub carrier frequency f =1/Tu=15khz,

and IFFT bin size N=2048, the sampling rate is fs =1/Ts =N
f=30720000Hz

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LTE Channel and FFT Sizes

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Cyclic-prefix insertion

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Cyclic-prefix insertion

Time dispersion on the radio channel may cause ISI

To deal with this problem, cyclic-prefix insertion is typically

used in case of OFDM transmission

The last NCP samples of the IFFT output block of length N is

copied and inserted at the beginning of the block, increasing
the block length from N to N +NCP. At the receiver side, the
corresponding samples are discarded before OFDM
demodulation

Subcarrier orthogonality will then be preserved also in case of

a time-dispersive channel, as long as the span of the time
dispersion is shorter than the cyclic-prefix length.

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Downlink CP Parameters

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Advantage of OFDM

High spectrum efficiency - the bandwidth of each subcarrier would be

adjacent to its neighbors, so there would be no wasted spectrum

With multiple subcarriers transmitting in parallel, long symbol duration

is used, thus OFDMA is more tolerant to multi-path environment and
better entitled to eliminate ISI (inter symbol interference)

Especially with a cyclic prefix, inter-symbol interference could be

minimized

OFDM is flexible in allocating power and rate optimally among

narrowband sub-carriers (scheduling)

Frequency diversity could be enabled due to the wide spectrum

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Peak to Average Power Ratio

The drawback of OFDM is the high peak-to-average ratio of the

transmitted signal, which greatly decrease the efficiency of the
linear amplifiers

This is especially critical for the uplink, due to the high

importance of low mobile-terminal power consumption and cost.

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SC-FDMA in uplink

SC-FDMA, which has much in common with OFDMA, such as multicarrier technology and guard interval protected symbol, but much
higher power amplifier efficiency (lower PAPR) is adopt in uplink.

SC-FDMA is just the DFT-S-OFDM, which can be seen as an OFDM

system with a DFT pre-coding. The localized RB distribution makes
each user occupy consecutive part of the whole bandwidth, which
looks like a single carrier.

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OFDM used in LTE

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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple

Access

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OFDMA used in LTE.

DL: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

Anti multi-path interference

Anti frequency selective fading

Higher spectrum efficiency

Easy to cooperate with MIMO for

higher throughput

Flexible multi-users scheduling

UL: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - FDMA)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Save terminals cost & power consumption

Lower PAPR modulation technology: DFT-SOFDM, which is similar to OFDM

Higher spectral efficiency compare with

traditional single carrier technology.

Huawei Confidential

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Downlink PRB Parameters

Normal CP Configuration

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OFDM Symbol Mapping

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Channel-dependent scheduling

Basically LTE uses shared-channel transmission, similar to HSDPA, the

time-frequency resource is dynamically shared between users

LTE can take channel variations into account not only in the time
domain, as HSPA, but also in the frequency domain

For LTE, scheduling decisions can be taken as often as once every 1

ms and the granularity in the frequency domain is 180 kHz

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Multi-Antenna Technique MIMO

Receive diversity:
SIMO

Transmit diversity:
MISO

Multi-antenna reception
and transmission: MIMO

Fundamentals of MIMO:

The data to be sent will be divided into multiple concurrent data streams.

The data streams are simultaneously transmitted from multiple antennas

through the spatial dimensions, through different radio channels, and
received by multiple antennas.

And then can be restored to the original data according to the spatial
signature of each data stream.

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MIMO Modes
Transmissio
n Mode

Transmission
scheme

Reference

Mode 1

single-antenna port
(port 0)

It is compatible with single-antenna transmission

Mode 2

transmit diversity

It weakens the interference caused by channel fading

and is applicable within low SINR environment

Mode 3

open-loop space
division multiplexing

It increases the peak rate and is applicable within high

rate and SINR environment

Mode 4

Closed-loop spatial
multiplexing

It is weighted according to the channel characteristics,

increases the peak rate, and is applicable within low
rate but high SINR environment

Mode 5

Multi-user MIMO

It improves cell throughput

Mode 6

Closed-loop precoding
with rank of 1

It increases cell coverage

Mode 7

Beamforming, singleantenna port (port 5)

It weakens interference and increases cell coverage

Mode 8

Dual-antenna port:
Dual-stream BF

It increases cell throughput

8 MIMO modes specified in 3GPP LTE standard

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Advantages of MIMO

Array gain: It increases the transmit power and can be used for
beamforming.

Diversity gain: It weakens the interference caused by channel fading.

Spatial multiplexing gain: It doubles the rate within the same bandwidth after
spatial orthogonal channels are constructed.

Data

MIMO

Streaming

Channel

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UL Virtual MIMO

Benefits
Improve the overall uplink cell throughput.
Increase the UL spectrum efficiency.

Features
The uplink channels of paired users
must be with good orthogonality to
each other to prevent interference.
Multi-users use the same timefrequency resource.

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MIMO--the Key to Improve Cell

Throughput
1x2 SIMO
UE 1

Mac
ro
LLL
TTT
EEE

Throughput (Mbps)

eNode
B

2x2 MIMO
eNode
B

18.15%
16.4

UE 1

Throughput (Mbps)

46.94%

15%~28% gain over SIMO @

Macro
~50% gain over SIMO @
Micro

15.12%

12.09

14.23

9.42

xx.xx%:
Gain

In typical urban
area:

28.34%

13.88

ISD:500m
Speed:3km/
h

Micro

SIMO
MIMO

xx.xx%:
Gain

ISD:500m
Speed:30km
/h

12.36

ISD:1732m
Speed:30km
/h

SIMO
MIMO

46.40%
35.18

34.15

56.68%
26.87

23.24

24.03
17.15

Outdoor-toIndoor
Speed: 3km/h

Outdoor-toOutdoor
Speed: 3km/h

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Outdoor-toOutdoor
Speed: 30km/h

More Gains through Higher-order

MIMO DL 44 MIMO
UL 24 MU-MIMO
eNode
B

UE 1
UE 1

eNode
B

UE 2

4x4 MIMO v.s. 2x2 MIMO:

~ 50% gain in average cell
23%~90% increasing in edge user
throughput
throughput

2x4 MU-MIMO v.s. 1x2 SIMO:

23%~90%
increasing
in edge
~50% gain
in average
celluser
throughput
throughput

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AMC & 64QAM

AMC, Adaptive Modulation and Coding

Radio-link data rate is controlled by adjusting the modulation scheme and/or the
channel coding rate
Modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
Turbo code

Features
Provide higher-data-rate services
Significantly improve the system
throughput
Improve users experience
High-order modulation scheme used
within excellent channel condition

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Huawei Confidential

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OFDM Signal Generation

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Inter-cell interference coordination

By restricting the transmission power of parts of the spectrum in one

cell, the interference seen in the neighbouring cells in this part of
the spectrum will be reduced, This part of the spectrum can then be
used to provide higher data rates for users in the neighbouring cell
4

Cell

1,4,7

Power

2
2
76

Frequency

3
3
Cell

1
1
6
5

2,5,8

Power
Frequency

4
8
5
9

Power

Cell

3,6,9

Different subband allocated for different cell edge users among cells

Reducing the DL inter-cell interference among neighbor cells

30~50% throughput increased for cell edge users (<50% load)

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Frequency

LTE Key Technologies SON

Deployment Stage
Network Planning &
Design
Self-Planning

Network Performance
Improvement

Installation &
Initial Tuning
Self-Config.

Self-optimiz.

Operation & Maintenance Stage

Network Operation &
Maintenance

Network Upgrade and

evolution

Self-Optiz. & Maintenance

Self-Organising Network (SON)

SON effectively reduces human intervention in
deployment and operation stage. Thus, SON saves
both CAPEX & OPEX.
SON with ICIC : SON helps inter-cell interference
eNB 2
coordination to improve cell edge throughput and
user experience
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Huawei Confidential

eNB 1

Page 47

eNB 3

SON Improving Operation Efficiency

Planning
Phase

Deployme
nt
Phase

Automatic Network
Planning
Automatic Config. Planning
Automatic Parameter
Planning

Optimizatio
n
Phase

Maintenanc
e
Phase

Automatic PCI/TA Optimization

Automatic Neighbor Relation
Inter-RAT ANR,MRO, System
Load Balance, RACH
Optimization

Self- configuration (Plug &

Play)
Auto Software Management

Inventory Management
Sleeping Cell detection
Antenna Fault
Detection
Cell/interface/sub. trace

SON makes LTE network more efficient and solves new challenges when network
architecture changes

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Typical SON Features at Initial

Stage
ANR: Automatic Neighbor
Relation

Self-Config.: Quick
DeploymentFile Server
S/W

Config
Config
Config
EMS + DHCP
Config
S/W

New

eNodeB

Save cost & Improve exactness

Avoid first HO failure due to missing neighbor
relation

MLB: Mobility Load

Balancing
Cell A

Cell BB
Cell

Plug & Play Installation

Shorten deployment duration

MRO: Mobility Robust

Optimization

Cell C

Value

Cell A

Cell B

Cell C

Optimizing cell reselection and handover

parameters
Reduce call drop rate, handover failure rate,
Reduce unnecessary redirection

unnecessary HO Rate

HO successful rate

More reliable
Improve network KPI by HO optimization

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Thank you
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