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Reason Clauses
Reason Subordinators
because
since
Since he had not paid the bill, his electricity was cut off.
as
Result Clauses
Result Subordinators
1 so + adjective/adverb + that
- Janes clean food business is so successful that she hired five new
employees last week.
- Anny lived so hardly that she found someone who can help her from
this bad situation.
Result Subordinators
2 such a(an) + noun + that
- Beer wants to be such a model that he is taking a birth-control pill
for being as a girl.
Result Subordinators
4so little/few + noun + that
- Teacher has so little prepared time for traveling that she tells
her husband to pack her bag.
Purpose Clauses
in order
that
NOTE
S
Purpose Clauses
Contrast Clauses
There are two type of adverb clauses that express contrast: direct opposition
clauses and concession clauses.
Direct Opposition
Clauses
Concession Clauses
(Unexpected Result)
Contrast Clauses
Direct Opposition
Clauses
Direct Opposition Subordinators
Contrast Clauses
NOTE
S
- While and whereas have the same meaning and are
interchangeable.
- Use a comma between the two clauses no matter which
order they are in. (This is an exception to the comma rule for adverb
clauses.)
- Since the two ideas are exact opposites, you can put the
subordinator with either clause, and the clauses can be
either order.
EX. Ordinary women shy to use birth-control pills, whereas
hermaphrodites take it normally.
Contrast Clauses
Concession Clauses(Unexpected
Result)
Even
though
Though
Contrast Clauses
NOTE
S
1. Although, even though, and though have almost same
meaning. Though is less formal. Even though is a little
stronger than although.
2. Some writers follow the normal comma rule for adverb
clauses: Use a comma only when the concession clause
comes before the independent clause. Other writers use
a comma between the two clauses no matter which order
they are in.
3. Be careful about which clause you use the subordinator
with. Sometimes you can use it with either clause, but not
EX. I went swimming, even though the water was freezing.
always.
Even though I went swimming, the water was freezing.
Conditional Clauses
Conditional Subordinators
If
unles - Unless you study, you will not get good grades. [1]
s
- The mayor cannot govern unless the labor unions support him. [0]
NOTE
S
Conditional Clauses
Pattern
2. Future time [1]
TRUE CONDITION
Verb form in
the if clause
Present
Verb form in
the independent clause
Present
Present
Future
Simple past
would + Vi
Past perfect
Would+have+V3
[in present or future]
4. Past time [3]
Conditional Clauses
Unless = If
not
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