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Nature of Light
Alternative View
Particle Nature
Measurements of the
Speed of Light
d is the distance
between the wheel
and the mirror
t is the time for one
round trip
Then c = 2d / t
Fizeau found a value
of
c = 3.1 x 108 m/s
12
13
Example 1
Assume that the toothed wheel of the Fizeaus
wheel has 360 teeth and is rotating at a speed of
27.5 rev/s when the light from passing through
opening A is blocked by tooth B on return. If the
distance to the mirror is 7500 m, find the speed
of light.
14
Solution
15
Example 2
Solution
17
Ray Approximation
Figure 35.4
(a)
(b)
(c)
21
Reflection of Light
22
Specular
Reflection
Specular reflection is
reflection from a smooth
surface
The reflected rays are
parallel to each other
23
Diffuse
Reflection
Diffuse reflection is
reflection from a rough
surface
The reflected rays
travel in a variety of
directions
24
Law of Reflection
25
Example 35.2
Multiple Reflections
Retroreflection
Applications of retroreflection
29
Refraction of Light
30
sin21v21co
n
sta
Refraction, 2
Refraction of Light, 3
Refraction Details, 1
Refraction Details, 2
fn
s
p
e
d
o
lightnam
ve
cd
u
m
c
iv
36
For a vacuum, n = 1
37
38
c
21
v21
n
12
1
1 = 2 but v1 v2 so 1 2
40
n
n
in vacuum
in
a
medium
41
Angle of Deviation
c
sin21v21co
n
sta21v2112n21
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2
44
Solution
2 = sin-1[(n1 / n2)sin 1] =
19.2o
The ray bends toward the
normal, as expected
Angle of deviation
45
46
Solution
47
Using Trigonometry:
From the gold triangle
Huygenss Principle
Huygenss Postulates
AD = BC = ct
53
This gives 1 = 1
BC v1t
sin 1
AC AC
AD v 2 t
and sin 2
AC AC
56
sin 2 v 2
sin 1 c n1 n2
But
sin 2 c n2 n1
and so n
1 sinn 1 2 sin
Dispersion
Variation of Index of
Refraction with Wavelength
59
Refraction in a Prism
The Rainbow
61
The Rainbow, 2
63
Double Rainbow
The Rainbow
65
66
Possible directions of
the beam are indicated
by rays numbered 1
through 5
The refracted rays are
bent away from the
normal since n1 > n2
67
n
sinC21(fo
rn
1
2)
Critical Angle
There is a particular
angle of incidence that
will result in an angle of
refraction of 90
68
Example 35.6
Solution
n2
1
sin c
0.75
n1 1.33
At an angle less than C (48.8) the fish can see out of the water
At 48.8the light has to skim along the waters surface before been
refracted, so the fish can see the whole shore of the pond.
At an angle greater than C (48.8) the fish sees a reflection of the
bottom of the pond.
71
Fiber Optics
An application of internal
reflection
Plastic or glass rods are
used to pipe light from
one place to another
Applications include:
medical use of fiber
optic cables for
diagnosis and correction
of medical problems
Telecommunications
72
Construction of an Optical
Fiber
The transparent
core is surrounded
by cladding
The combination is
surrounded by the
jacket
74
Fermats Principle
77
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