Seismic Interpretation

SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS

SEISMIC FACIES
PARAMETERS

GEOLOGIC
INTERPRETATION

REFLECTION COEFFICIENT

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*
*

STRATIFICATION PATTERNS
DEPOSITIONAL PROCESS
EROSION AND PALEOTOPOGRAPHY

REFLECTION CONTINUITY

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BEDDING CONTINUITY
DEPOSITIONAL PROCESS

REFLECTION AMPLITUDE

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VELOCITY-DENSITY
BED SPACING
FLUID CONTENT

EXTERNAL FORM AND AREAL

ASSOCIATION

GROSS DEPOSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENT
SEDIMENT SOURCE
GEOLOGIC SETTING

GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC PARAMETERS

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MAPPING SEISMIC FACIES

Seismic facies of a sequence can be mapped by
plotting the external and internal relationships of the
reflectors.
This produces an ABC map, derived from the
following convention :
Above Below
Internal Configuration
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SEISMIC FACIES MAPPING

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Seismic facies work map using notation :

A B
C

Open arrows indicate the direction of downlap, solid

arrows indicate the direction of onlap.

ABOVE
.
.
.

Erosional truncation (Te)

Toplap (Tp)
Concordance ( C )

.
.
.

BELOW
Downlap (Dn)
Onlap (On)
Concordance ( C )

WITHIN
.
.
.
.
.
.

Parallel (P)
Subparalell (SP)
Divergent ( D )
Chaotic ( C )
Reflected-free (RF)
Mounded (M)

.
.
.
.
.
.

Prograding Clinoforms
Sigmoid ( S )
Oblique ( O )
Complex Sigmoid oblique (SO)
Shingled (Sh)
Hummocky Clinoform (HC)

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In addition, the external form of a

sequence or facies is noted :
.
.
.
.

Sheet
Sheet Drape
Wedge
Bank

. Lens
. Mound
. Fill

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The seismic facies are then interpreted by

integrating the data on the reflection
termination at sequence boundaries, the
reflection configuration within, and the
external form.

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Various relationship to depositional sequence boundaries.

From Mitchum et al. (1977).
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ONLAP REFLECTION

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ONLAP

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ONLAP-FILL REFLECTION

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TOPLAP

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Seismic reflection configuration: parallel, subparalell, and divergent.

From Mitchum et al. (1977)
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Some modifying seismic reflection configurations.

(Mitchum et al., 1977)

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Seismic reflection patterns interpreted as prograding clinoform. (Mitchum et al., 1977)

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PARALELL REFLECTION

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DIVERGENT REFLECTION

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SIGMOID REFLECTION

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OBLIQUE REFLECTION

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SIGMOID-OBLIQUE REFLECTION

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SHINGLED REFLECTION

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HUMMOCKY REFLECTION

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HUMMOCKY CLINOFORM REFLECTION

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External forms of some seismic facies units.

(Mitchum et al., 1977)
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MOUNDED REFLECTION

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Some mounded seismic facies units. (Mitchum et al., 1977).

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HIGH AMPLITUDO

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LOW FREQUENCY

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HIGH CONTINUITY

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LOW CONTINUITY

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BRIGHT SPOT

FLAT SPOT

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CHARACTERIZATION OF SEISMIC FACIES

Four basic seismic facies are recognized :
Parallel and divergent reflection configurations.
Progradational reflection configuration.
Mounded and draped reflection configuration.
Onlap and fill reflection configuration.

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REFLECTION TERMINATION

Terminology proposed by Exxon explorationists for reflection termination that define

unconformable boundaries of a depositional sequence. (From Vail et al, 1976)

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BASIC SEISMIC REFLECTION TERMINATION PATTERN

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Stratigraphic and chronostratigraphic relations of onlap, downlap, toplap, and erosional

truncation
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Procedure for constructing

regional chart of cycles of
relative changes of sea level

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DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT

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PLATFORM

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PLATFORM

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SUPRATIDAL

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PLATFORM MARGIN

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PLATFORM MARGIN

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CHANNEL

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Prograding

Carbonate Buildup

2 Km.

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Prograding

Carbonate Buildup

2 Km.
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2 Km.

Eroded line (Yellow Marker)

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500 m.

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2.5 Km.

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Seismic Interpretation Work Flow

Marker and horizon picking.

Well seismic tie.
Horizon picking.

Stratigraphic and structural analysis.

Define reflection packages.
Sequence recognition.
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WELL-SEISMIC TIE

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Seismic picking did using seismic stratigraphic concept, beginning by

sequence or unconformity recognition seen clearly on seismic
volume.
Unconformity is key point for picking.
Better interpretation is enhanced by applying attribute analysis of
instantaneous phase type such as seismic marker and wiggle related
to geologic features easy identifiable.

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AREA WIGGLES (A) COMPARED TO INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY (B)

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AREA WIGGLE (A) COMPARED TO INSTANTANEOUS PHASE (B) AS THE BETTER WAY FOR
HORIZON PICKING.
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HORIZON PICKING CONCEPT

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Block 3 Seismic Line b-91-86

Block 3
Seismic Line b-91-11
Kujung Fm.