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Chapter 5
Flow Analysis
using
Control Volumes
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5
Introduction
The resultant techniques presented in this Chapter are powerful and applicable to
a wide variety of fluid mechanical circumstances that require engineering
judgment
Furthermore, the finite control volume formulas are easy to interpret physically
and thus are not difficult to use
In fluid mechanics, the control volume or Eulerian view is generally less
complicated and, therefore, more convenient to use than the system or
Lagrangian view
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5
Introduction
The control volume formulas are derived from the equations representing basic
laws applied to a collection of mass (a system)
The concept of a control volume and system occupying the same region of space
at an instant (coincident condition) and use of the Reynolds transport theorem
(Eqs. 4.19 and 4.23) are key elements in the derivation of the control volume
equations
Integrals are used throughout the chapter for generality. Volume integrals can
accommodate spatial variations of the material properties of the contents of a
control volume
Control surface area integrals allow for surface distributions of flow variables
However, in this chapter, for simplicity we often assume that flow variables are
uniformly distributed over cross-sectional areas where fluid enters or leaves the
control volume
This uniform flow is called one-dimensional flow
In Chapters 8 and 9, when we discuss velocity profiles and other flow variable
distributions, the effects of non-uniformities will be covered in more detail
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5
For a system and a fixed, non-deforming control volume that are coincident at an
instant of time, the Reynolds transport theorem (Eq. 4.19) with that B = Mass and b=
1, allows us to state
DM sys
D
dv
( 5.3 )
sys
CV dv CS V n dA
Dt
Dt
.
,
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5
b
dv
b dv b V n dA
sys
CV
CS
Dt
t
.
,
b dv
t CV
b V n dA
CS
Continuity Equation
/(Contd.)
CS
V n dA mout min
DM sys
In words, above Eqn states that to conserve mass the time rate of change of the
mass of the contents of the control volume plus the net rate of mass flow through
the control surface must equal zero
Actually, the same result could have been obtained more directly by equating the
rates of mass flow into and out of the control volume to the rates of accumulation
and depletion of mass within the control volume (See Section 3.6.2)
It is reassuring, however, to see that the Reynolds transport theorem works for this
simple-to-understand case
dv V n dA 0
CV
CS
t
Dt
Continuity Equation
/(Contd.)
10
11
12
where
13
dv V n dA 0
CS
t CV
When the
flow is steady, the time rate of change of CV is zero, i.e
CV
dv 0
Q Q
out
in
out
min
dv
For Un-Steady Flows , but if cyclic, the term t CV
14
dv V n dA 0
CS
t CV
For Steady0 Flow involving only one stream, flowing through CV at station 1 & 2 :
m 1 A1V1 2 A2V2
0
And for Incompressible Flows : m Q1 Q2 A1V1 A2V2
For Steady Flow involving more than one stream flowing through CV, we use the
o
o
expression
mout min
15
For a system and a moving, non-deforming control volume that are coincident at an
instant of time, the Reynolds transport theorem (Eqn. 4.23, 5.5) for a moving control
volume leads to
DM sys
dv W n dA
(5.15)
CS
Dt
t CV
From Eqns. 5.1 and 5.15, we can get the control volume expression for conservation
of mass (the continuity equation) for a moving, non-deforming control volume,
namely,
dv W n dA 0
(5.16)
CV
CS
t
See Examples 5.6 & 5.7 for application of above equation (5.16) .
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5
16
Since the control volume is deforming, the control surface velocity (VCS) is not necessarily
uniform and identical to the control volume velocity, as was true for moving, non-deforming
control volumes
For Deforming CV, the absolute velocity is : V = W + VCS
where VCS is the velocity of the control surface as seen by a fixed observer. The relative
velocity, W, must be ascertained with care wherever fluid crosses the control surface
See examples 5.8 & 5.9 illustrating the use of Eqn 5.17
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5
18
Since momentum is mass times velocity, thus the momentum of a small particle of
mass dv is V dv
Thus, the momentum of the entire system is sys V dv and Newtons law can be
written as
V dv F
sys
sys
Any reference or coordinate system for which this statement is true is called
inertial
A fixed coordinate system is inertial
A coordinate system that moves in a straight line with constant velocity and is
thus without acceleration is also inertial
We proceed to develop the control volume formula for this important law
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5
21
When a control volume is coincident with a system at an instant of time, the forces
acting on the system and the forces acting on the contents of the coincident control
volume (see Fig ) are instantaneously identical, that is,
dv
V dv V V n dA
CS
Dt sys
t CV
(5.21)
or
For Fixed CV, the above can be written in following form and is called as Linear
Momentum Equation (5.22):
V dv V V n dA Fcontent of coin. CV
CV
CS
t
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5
22
t CV
V dv V V n dA Fcontent of coin. CV
CS
The forces involved in Eq. 5.22 are body and surface forces that act on what is contained in
the control volume
The only body force we consider in this chapter is the one associated with the action of gravity.
We experience this body force as weight.
The surface forces are basically exerted on the contents of the control volume by material just
outside the control volume in contact with material just inside the control volume. For example,
a wall in contact with fluid can exert a reaction surface force on the fluid it bounds
Similarly, fluid just outside the control volume can push on fluid just inside the control volume at
a common interface, usually an opening in the control surface through which fluid flow occurs
An immersed object can resist fluid motion with surface forces
The linear momentum equation for an inertial control volume is a vector equation (Eq. 5.22)
In engineering applications, components of this vector equation resolved along orthogonal
coordinates, for example, x, y, and z (rectangular coordinate system) or r, and x (cylindrical
coordinate system), will normally be used
A simple example involving steady, incompressible flow is considered first,(see Ex 5.10& 5.11)
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5
23
27
Moment-of-Momentum Equation
Dt sys
If we form the moment of each side of Eq. 5.30 with respect to the origin of an
inertial coordinate system,Dwe obtain
rx
Dt
V v r x Fparticle
Where r is the position vector from origin of inertial coordinate system to the fluid
The above can be rearranged as
D
r x V v r x Fparticle
(5.35)
Dt
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5
28
For a system (collection of fluid particles) we need to use sum of both sides of Eqn.
D
5.35, i.e.
(5.39)
r x V v r x Fsys
Dt sys
r x F
where
or
particle
r x F r x F
sys
CV
Further, for the system and the contents of the coincident control volume that is
fixed and non-deforming, the Reynolds transport theorem (Eq. 4.19) when applied
to LHS of above Eqn, leads to
D
r
x
V
r x V v cs r x V v.n dA
Dt sys
t CV
r x V v r x V v.n dA r x F CV
Thus Eqn 5.39 becomes: t CV
cs
; (5.42)
or
29
r x V v cs r x V v.n dA r x F CV
t CV
An important category of fluid mechanical problems that is readily solved with the
help of the moment-of-momentum equation (Eq. 5.42) involves machines that rotate
or tend to rotate around a single axis
Examples of these machines include rotary lawn sprinklers, ceiling fans, lawn mower
blades, wind turbines, turbochargers, and gas turbine engines. As a class, these
devices are often called turbo-machines
Eqn. 5.42 can be simplified in several ways :
We assume that flows considered are one-dimensional (uniform distributions
of average velocity at any section)
30
r x V v cs r x V v.n dA r x F CV
t CV
Each term on both sides of eqn can be written as follows by applying the said
simplifications :
For steady Flow : t r x V v 0
CV
For rotating body/system : r x F CV o Tshaft
o
r
x
V
v
.
n
d
A
rV
m
v
.
n
d
A
m
& r xV rV
(5.50)
out
31
We also know that from conservation of mass, min mout thus the
specific shaft power can be written as
o
32
Example 5.18
Solution
33
34
Note that Torque is Smaller than when sprinkler is rotating at 500 RPM
35
36
In symbolic form :
o
o
D
dv
Q
in out
sys
Dt
o
D
o
dv
net in
net in
Dt sys
sys
Win Wout
e(replacing
dv eb
V by
n dA
Dt sys
CS
o
values in RTT, we get o
t CV
in
in
CV
(5.59)
Work transfer rate is also called Power and is considered -ve when work is done
on the system / CV by the surroundings
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5
37
Also note that work is transferred to and from system/CV through Rotating Shaft,
Normal and tangential Stresses / Pressure, where = -P
Eqn 5.59 is valid for inviscid flow as it derivation did not account for fluid viscosity or
Work Done by system to overcome viscous effects / stresses
e dv e V n dA Qnetin Wnetin
P V n dA
CS
t CV
2
CV CS
o
V
P
o
dv
gz
dA
net
net
CS
in
in
t CV
2
or
(5.64)
CV
For a flow having uniform flow properties across any cross section area, the
nd
integrant
of LHS) is
V(22 term P
V2
P o
V2
P o
CS
gz
V n dA u
gz m u
gz m
2
flow
flow
out
in
For a single2 stream of flow (with on exit2 and one entryo point to CV)
and it reduces
to
2
o
CS
V
P
V
P
gz V n dA u
gz
2
V
P
mout u
gz
2
out
min
in
38
Thus for a steady 1-D mean flow in channel, the energy equation (5.65) can be
written aso
2
2
o
o
P
P
V V
m uout uin
out
in
g zout zin
out
Qnet Wnet
in
in
in
o
Vout Vin
m hout hin
g zout zin Qnetin Wnetin
2
(5.69)
CV
P
V Vin
m uout uin out
g zout zin
2
out
in
Qnet
in
P V2
where
(5.67)
CV
gz
out
gz
losses
in
39
V2
P
o
dv
gz
dA
net
net
CS
in
in
t CV
2
CV
For this
type of flow, the only part in above equation which require attention is
.
V2
V terms
n dA would remain same and can be simplified as done earlier for particular
The
CS 2other
applications
For one stream entering and leaving CV, we define the following expression for above
o V 2
integrant as
V2
inVin2
out out
V n dA m
2
2
where is Kinetic Energy Coefficient and V is average velocity as defined earlier in eqn. 5.7
CS
o V 2
m
2
o
V
V2
n
dA
A 2
2
Thus
40
Irreversible Flow
Second Law of Thermodynamics
41
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