FOUNDATIONS OF

CURRICULUM
SUJAKNYI SAID 818037
MOHD FIKRY HULAIMI 818034
KHAIRUL NIZAR ABU KHARI 818077

FOUNDATIONS OF CURRICULUM
Foundations are the forces that influence the minds of
curriculum developers.
In this way they affect the content and structure of the
curriculum.
The curriculum reflects the society and culture of a country
and this is the desire of a society that their children should
learn the habits, ideas, attitudes and skills of the adult society
and culture and educational institutional are the proper way to
impart these skill.
This duty of teacher and school to discipline the young of the
society and provide them the set of experiences in the form of
curriculum.
The needs, knowledge and information of the society provide
foundation in the formation of curriculum

EXTERNAL BOUNDARIES

Social
Foundations
of Curriculum

Historical
Foundations
of Curriculum

Philosophical
Foundations
of Curriculum

Psychological
Foundations
of Curriculum

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF
CURRICULUM

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF
CURRICULUM

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF
CURRICULUM
Perennialism
Aim of Education
To educate the rational person; to cultivate the intellect.
Role of Education
Teachers help students think with reason.
Focus in the Curriculum
Classical subjects, literary analysis and curriculum constant.
Curriculum Trends
Use of great books and return to liberal.

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF
CURRICULUM
Essentialism
Aim of Education
To promote the intellectual growth of the individual and educate a competent
person.
Role of Education
The teacher is the sole authority in his or her subject area or field of
specialization.
Focus in the Curriculum
Essential skills of the 3 Rs and essential subjects.
Curriculum Trends
Excellence in education, back to basics and cultural literacy.

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF
CURRICULUM
Progressivism
Aim of Education
To promote democratic and social living.
Role of Education
Knowledge leads to growth and development of lifelong learners
who actively learn by doing.
Focus in the Curriculum
Subjects are interdisciplinary, integrative and interactive. Curriculum
is focused on students interest, human problems and affairs.
Curriculum Trends
School reforms, relevant and contextualized curriculum, humanistic
education.

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF
CURRICULUM
Recostructionism
Aim of Education
To improve and reconstruct society. Education for change.
Role of Education
Teachers act as agents of change and reform in various educational
projects including research.
Focus in the Curriculum
Focus on present and future trends and issues of national and
international interest.
Curriculum Trends
Equality of educational opportunities in education, access to global
education.

HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CURRICULUM

Curriculum theorists

Franklin Bobbit (1876-1956) - presented

curriculum as a science that emphasizes
on students' need. Curriculum prepares
for adult life.
Werret Charters (1875-1952) considered curriculum also as a
science which is based on students'
need and the teachers plan the
activities.

HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CURRICULUM

William Kilpatrick (1871-1965) viewed curriculum as purposeful

activities which are child-centered.
The purpose of curriculum is child
development and growth.
Harold
Rugg
(1886-1960)
Curriculum should develop the whole
child. He emphasized social studies in
the curriculum and the teacher plans
the lesson in advance.

Historical Foundations of Curriculum

Hollis Caswell (1901-1989) - sees
curriculum as organized around social
functions of themes, organized knowledge
and earner's interests.
Ralph Tyler (1902-1994) - believes that
curriculum is a science and an extension
of school's philosophy.

Psychological Foundations of Curriculum

Psychological Foundations of Curriculum

Three major groups of learning theories:

BEHAVIORISTS PSYCHOLOGY

BEHAVIORISTS PSYCHOLOGY
consider that learning should be
organized in order that students
can experience success in the
process of mastering the subject
matter
The method is introduced in a step by
step manner with proper sequencing of
task which is viewed by other
educational psychologist as simplistic
and mechanical.

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
focus their attention on how individuals process
information and how the monitor and manage
thinking.
Teachers use a lot of problem and thinking skills in
teaching and learning. These are exemplified by
practices like reflective thinking, creative thinking,
intuitive thinking, discovery learning and many
more.

HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY

concerned with how learners can

develop their human potential.

Psychological Foundations of Curriculum

Psychology has great influence in the
curriculum. Learners are not machines and
the mind is not a computer. Humans are
biological beings affected by their biology and
cultures.
The psychological foundations will help
curriculum makers in nurturing a more
advanced, more comprehensive and complete
human learning.

Social Foundations of Curriculum

Schools exist within the social context.

Schools are not only institutions that

can educate people in the society.
Schools are made to help to understand the
changes globalization brings.

The relationship of curriculum and

society is mutual and encompassing.

???
How do philosophy,

psychology, history and

society influence the
development of the
curriculum?

PLANNING, IMPLEMENTATION
AND EVALUATION

IMPLEMENTATION MODELS
OVERCOMING RESISTANCE TO CHANGE (ORC)
Focuses on overcoming staff resistance to change that is
present immediately before, or at the time of the introduction of the
innovation.
LEADERSHIP OBSTACLE COURSE (LOC)
Extends the ORC model and puts emphasis on the gathering
of data to determine the extent and nature of the resistance in order to
deal with it appropriately.
LINKAGE MODEL
The linkage process involves a cycle of diagnosis, search,
retrieval, formulation of solution, dissemination and evaluation.

IMPLEMENTATION MODELS
ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (OD)
This model is an information-processing change strategy that
enables the system to improve its operations and the quality of
interactions among its members to facilitate the introduction of change.
RAND CHANGE AGENT MODEL
The Rand Model is based on the assumption that the success
of the implementation of new program depends on:
A. The characteristics of the proposed change
B. Competencies of the teaching and administrative staff
C. The support of the local community
D. The School organizational structure

THE ROLES OF THE STAKEHOLDERS IN CURRICULUM

IMPLIMENTATION

LEARNERS AT THE CENTER OF THE CURRICULUM

For a particular curriculum design mentioned earlier, the learner is

placed at the center.

The learners are the very reason why curriculum is developed.
They are the ones who are directly influenced by it.

After all, in curriculum implementation, the concluding question will

always be:
Has the learner learned?

LEARNERS AT THE CENTER OF THE CURRICULUM

TEACHERS AS CURRICULUM DEVELOPERS AND

IMPLEMENTERS

In teaching and learning process, the other side

of the coin is the teacher.

Most curricula start to gain life from the time it is

conceived and written.

TEACHERS AS CURRICULUM DEVELOPERS AND

IMPLEMENTERS

Primary
Role of the
Teacher

A teacher is a curriculum maker. He/she writes a

curriculum daily through a lesson plan, a unit plan
or a yearly plan.

TEACHERS AS CURRICULUM DEVELOPERS AND

IMPLEMENTERS

The teacher prepares activities for the

students to do.
The teacher address the goals, needs
interests of the learners by creating
experiences from where the students can
learn.
The teacher designs, enriches, and modifies
the curriculum to suit the learners
characteristics.

TEACHERS AS CURRICULUM DEVELOPERS AND

IMPLEMENTERS

As a curriculum developer

TEACHERS AS CURRICULUM DEVELOPERS AND

IMPLEMENTERS
Teachers are empowered to develop their own school

curricula taking into consideration their own expertise,

the context of the school and the abilities of the
learners.
By so doing, teachers become architects of school curriculum

A developed curriculum remains enactive, if it is not

implemented.
teacher roles shifts from a developer to an
implementer.
from a designer or technician to a decision
maker.

TEACHERS AS CURRICULUM DEVELOPERS AND

IMPLEMENTERS
The teachers role now shifts from planning to

doing.
Doing here implies guiding, facilitating and directing

activities which will be done by the students .

CURRICULUM MANAGERS AND

ADMINISTRATORS
In a school organization, there is always
a curriculum manager or school administrator.

In fact, for school principals, one of their

functions is being a curriculum manager.

CURRICULUM MANAGERS AND

ADMINISTRATORS
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CURRICULUM MANAGERS AND

ADMINISTRATORS
The final decision making in terms of the

schools purpose rests on the shoulders of

school administrators.
In the academic institutions, school
administrators have a great stake or concern
about what kind of curriculum their school offer
and how these is implemented.

PARENTS AS SUPPORTERS TO THE CURRICULUM

My child and my money go to this

school. It simply means that the parents
are the best supporters of the school,
specially because they are the ones
paying for their childs education.

How Do The Parents Shape The Curriculum And What Are

They Consider As Stakeholders

1. Effective parental involvement in school affairs may be

linked to parent educational programs w/c is central to
high quality educational experiences of the children. It is
a well known fact that where you find an involved parent,
you find better communication between home and
school.
2.

The parents involvement extends from the confine of

the school to the homes. The parents become part of
the environment of learning at home. Parents follow up
the lesson of their children especially in basic education.
Parents provide curriculum materials that are not
provided in schools.

How Do The Parents Shape The Curriculum And What Are They
Consider As Stakeholders

3. In most schools the Parent Association is organized.

COMMUNITY MEMBERS AS CURRICULUM RESOURCES

success in the implementation of the curriculum requires

resources.
The community members and materials in the existing
local community can very well substitute for what is
needed to implement the curriculum.
Respected community members maybe included in school
boards
Some can become resource speakers.
They can provide local and indigenous knowledge in
school curriculum

OTHER STAKE HOLDERS

Professional organizations have shown

great influence in school curriculum.

OTHER STAKEHOLDERS IN CURRICULUM

IMPLEMENTATION
They are asked by curriculum specialists to contribute in

curriculum review since they have a voice in the licensure

examinations, curriculum enhancement and many more
often, professional organization have a better view of the
industry where the graduates of the curriculum go.
Some of these organizations are those of each profession,
like teachers organization, lawyers organization, medical
doctors association, engineers organization and many
others.

DEFINITION OF EVALUATION

Curriculum evaluation is a systematic process of

determining whether the curriculum as designed and
implemented has produced or is producing the intended
and desired results.
It is the means of determining whether the program is
meeting its goals, that is whether the measures / outcomes
for a given set of instructional inputs match the intended or
pre-specified outcomes. (Tuckman, 1979)

CURRICULUM EVALUATION

curriculum evaluation
1. School-based evaluation
2. Accreditation

SCHOOL-BASED EVALUATION

is an approach to curriculum evaluation which places the

content, design, operation and maintenance of evaluation
procedure in the hands of the school personnel. The school
personnel participate in the planning and conduct of school
evaluation where the control and management of the process
rest on the school personnel themselves.
This is a voluntary process of submitting a curricular program to
an external accrediting body for review in any level of
education: basic, tertiary or graduate school to assure standard.
Accreditation studies the statement of the educational intentions
of the school and affirms a standard of excellence.

ACCREDITATION

Among the many purposes of accreditation are to

foster excellence and improve programs. The
curricular accreditation will assure the academic
community, other agencies and the general public
that curriculum meets standards comparable to
other excellent institutions offering similar
programs.

EVALUATION OF ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

In curriculum, it is necessary that learning

outcomes be evaluated. After all the best measure
of a curriculum is the learning outcome of the
students.
The evaluation of students performance should
make use of valid and reliable tools which are
periodically reviewed and revised.

Thank you